Evaluation of Efficacy, Quality of Life and Cost Effectiveness of Short-course Radiotherapy Followed by Capecitabine Plus Oxaliplatin chemotheRapy and TME for High-risk Rectal Cancer (ESCORT Trial)

Not Applicable

Brief Summary: Multimodality treatment including surgery and radiotherapy is the current standard of care in locally advanced rectal cancer. Most clinical trials comparing short course radiotherapy (SCRT) with long course chemoradiotherapy(LCRT) did not find significant differences in oncological outcomes and short-term outcomes even though some debates. Recently, Stockholm III trial comparing SCRT plus delayed surgery with SCRT plus immediate surgery and LCRT demonstrated no differences with respect to short-term outcomes such as complications, mortality, and acute toxicity. However, overall quality of life (QoL) after curative treatment for rectal cancer is still major concern in both SCRT and LCRT. Furthermore, daily hospital visits for 5 weeks may be the cause of the increase of total medical cost due to indirect medical expense in patients with LCRT, especially in rural area. SCRT plus chemotherapy followed by delayed surgery may have the possibility of reducing total hospital costs as well as increasing QoL by proving non-inferiority in terms of perioperative outcomes. The present prospective single-arm phase 2 trial was designed to validate the efficacy, quality of life and cost effectiveness of preoperative short-course radiotherapy plus XELOX chemotherapy followed by delayed surgery for high-risk rectal cancer patient based on magnetic resonance imaging.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

High-risk patients of rectal cancer on pretreatment MRI using the following risk stratification system Location of the lower part of the tumor is measured below less than 10 cm on the anal verge and lower part of the tumor is located below the lower limit of the peritoneal reflection.

If there is more than one, classify as a high risk group Positive CRM threatening: 5mm ≦ Extramural depth Positive EMVI.

cN2: Positive Lateral pelvic LN metastasis
Between 19 and 80 years of age;
Satisfactory performance status: ECOG≦2
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification system class I~III
Adequate hematologic function: white blood cell(WBC) counts≥4,000/mm3, neutrophils counts ≥ 1,500/mm3, platelet counts ≥ 100,000/µL, hemoglobin ≥ 9g/L;
Adequate renal function: creatinine ≤ 1.5×upper normal limit

Exclusion Criteria

The evidence of relapse of distant metastasis
Receiving treatment of other anti-cancer drug or methods
Patients have low compliance and are not able to complete the entire trial
Presence of uncontrolled life-threatening diseases
cT4 with infiltration of anterior organ on pretreatment MRI
cT4 with infiltration of internal or external anal sphincter on pretreatment MRI

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Preoperative short-course radiotherapy	preoperative short-course radiotherapy	1-week short-course radiation (5 Gy x 5) plus 6-week XELOX (capecitabine 1,000mg/m2 and oxaliplatin 130mg/m2 every 3 weeks) chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision (TME)

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
pathologic complete response (pCR) rate	Two weeks after surgery	According to pathological response criteria, a total regression is considered a complete response

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Incidence of acute toxicities during radiation and chemotherapy	Three months	Incidence of acute toxicities during radiation and chemotherapy
Incidence of surgical complications	Four weeks after surgery	Incidence of surgical complications
Quality of life	Baseline and QOL at 8 weeks after radiotherapy	QOL assessed using EORTC QLQ-CR29 survey form. The EORTC QLQ-CR29 is a 29-item colon and rectum cancer site-specific supplemental module that aims to enhance the sensitivity and specificity for colorectal cancer quality of life measures. The original English version comprises 4 multi-item scales (body image, urinary frequency, blood and mucus in stool, and stool frequency) and 17 functional/symptomatic single-items(anxiety, weight, sexual interest, urinary incontinence, dysuria, abdominal pain, buttock pain, bloating, dry mouth, hair loss, taste, flatulence, fecal incontinence, sore skin, embarrassment, stoma care problem, impotence or dyspareunia), with higher scores indicating better functional or worse symptomatic status. Of these 21 scales or items, only body image, anxiety, weight, and sexual interest are functional domain scales/items, and all the remaining are symptomatic.
Cost effectiveness	Three months	QALYs (quality adjusted life years) with treatment protocol

Locations (1): The Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine
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Seoul, Korea, Republic of