The Studies of Integrating Gastric and Gut Microbiota, F. Prausnitzii Metabolites, Microenvironment, and Epigenetics to Identify the Cancer Risk of H. Pylori-related Precancerous Conditions Through an AI System and Control the Risky by Probiotic Supplements

Bismuth-based quadruple therapy is recommended by a recent review to be the first-line treatment for H. pylori eradication, replacing clarithromycin-based triple therapy. It is because the eradication rates of triple therapy in adults and clarithromycin-contained sequential therapy in children have declined due to increasing clarithromycin resistance in both adults and children. The best regimen for H. pylori eradication should be the one which succeeds on the first attempt. However, the effectiveness and the optimal duration of bismuth-based quadruple therapy for first-line H. pylori eradication in children and adults, respectively, are unknown. Moreover, the impacts on gut microbiota after H. pylori eradication should be concerned; nevertheless, the results are controversial.

Probiotic supplements are beneficial to gut health through modulation of the gut microbiota and metabolomics. Our previous studies also reported that the efficacy of H. pylori eradication is improved and relevant immune response could be modified by probiotics-containing yogurt ingestion. Our preliminary data have shown that gut F. prausnitzii depletion in H. pylori-infected children could be reversed after triple eradication therapy with probiotics-containing yogurt ingestion. However, it is uncertain whether the recovery of gut F. prausnitzii by probiotics could restore gut dysbiosis or improve systemic inflammation, and the role of gut F. prausnitzii or metabolites in the H. pylori-microbiota-host metabolism axis.

The investigators hypothesize that bismuth-based quadruple therapy could be an optimal regimen for first-line H. pylori eradication in the era of increasing clarithromycin resistance; moreover, gut dysbiosis could be reversed after bismuth-based quadruple therapy. Furthermore, the efficacy of the10-day course is not inferior to that of the 14-day course in H. pylori eradication. Among the H. pylori-infected patients, they are randomized to the 14-day bismuth-based quadruple therapy group and the 10-day bismuth-based quadruple therapy group to receive a 14-day and 10-day course, respectively, of the bismuth-based quadruple therapy, including esomeprazole (Nexium 40 mg) 1 tab twice a day, dibismuth trioxide (KCB F.C. 120 mg) 1 tab four times a day, metronidazole (Flagyl 250 mg) 2 tab thrice a day, and tetracycline (250 mg) 2 tab four times a day.

Moreover, the investigators also hypothesize that probiotics could restore gastric or gut dysbiosis, especially gut F. prausnitzii depletion. The patients who still have depletion of gut F. prausnitzii 12 months after H. pylori eradication are enrolled into the probiotic supplement trial. They are randomized to the probiotic therapy group ingesting probiotic powder twice daily for 24 weeks and the non-probiotic control group, respectively. The probiotic powder is named as "President AB powder", which contains an approximately equal mixture of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 at a concentration of >= 10E9 CFU/mL (President Corp., Tainan, Taiwan)

Sample size assessment: The investigators propose that the eradication rates in the bismuth-based quadruple therapy are ~97%. The case ratio of the two groups is 1:1. If there is a true difference in favor of the 14-day bismuth-based quadruple therapy of 7% (10-day therapy vs. 14-day therapy, < 90% vs. 97%), then a total of 250 patients are required to be 90% (power) sure that the upper limit of a one-sided 97.5% confidence interval (or equivalently a 95% two-sided confidence interval) will exclude a difference in favor of the 14-day bismuth-based quadruple therapy group of more than 7% [Sealed Envelope Ltd. 2012. Power calculator for binary outcome non-inferiority trial. [Online] Available from: https://www.sealedenvelope.com/power/binary-noninferior/ [Accessed Sun Feb 14 2021]. Assuming a surveying failure rate of ~20%, at least 312 patients are needed.