The Effects of Smartphone Addiction on Pinch Strength, Muscle Stiffness, and Hand and Wrist Function in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 134
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Muscle Stiffness
研究概览
简要总结
Smartphones have become an indispensable part of daily life, and their increasing use has raised concerns about various health effects, including musculoskeletal symptoms. Repetitive movements of the thumb and hand muscles can lead to issues such as tendinosis, myofascial pain syndrome, and a decrease in pinch strength. Studies have shown that musculoskeletal symptoms related to smartphone use are common among young adults and university students. Additionally, an increase in device size may place greater strain on the wrist and finger muscles. Repetitive movements can cause stiffness changes in the thumb muscles, and the relationship between these changes and pinch strength is considered an important research topic. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of smartphone addiction on pinch strength, muscle stiffness, hand/wrist pain, and function in young adults.
详细描述
This study was designed as a cross-sectional study. Volunteers eligible to participate were first screened based on the results of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), and they were divided into two groups as Smartphone Addiction and Non-Smartphone Addiction, with a cutoff score of 31 for males and 33 for females. Subsequently, the determination of dominant hand was performed. All assessments were conducted on the participants' dominant extremity. The assessments were carried out in the following order: Patient-Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation Questionnaire (PRWHE), the Finkelstein test, muscle stiffness measurement, and finally, pinch strength assessment, as it was considered to potentially cause fatigue. All assessments were conducted by expert physiotherapists within a total duration of 30 minutes, and participants were not followed up afterward, nor recieved any intervention.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Observational
- 观察模型
- Case Control
- 时间视角
- Cross Sectional
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 25 Years（Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Willing to participate in the study
- •Have been using a smartphone for more than one year
- •Aged between 18 and 25 years
- •Send 25 or more text messages or emails per day
- •Spend more than 2 hours browsing the internet and/or play games for more than one hour a day
排除标准
- •Having radiating/radicular pain in the upper extremity
- •Having neck pain
- •Congenital deformities in the upper extremity and neck
- •A history of diagnosed neurological, rheumatic, musculoskeletal, or cardiovascular diseases
- •Having previously undergone surgery on the neck and/or upper extremity
- •Having been diagnosed with De Quervain's disease or tendinopathy in the hand/hand wrist muscles before
研究组 & 干预措施
Smartphone Addiction Group
Individuals classified as having smartphone addiction based on the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV). Participants in this group scored 31 or higher for males and 33 or higher for females on the SAS-SV, indicating problematic smartphone use that meets the threshold for addiction.
干预措施: No intervention. (Other)
Non-Smartphone Addiction Group
Individuals who are not classified as having smartphone addiction based on the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV). Participants in this group scored below 31 for males and below 33 for females on the SAS-SV, indicating that their smartphone use does not meet the threshold for addiction.
干预措施: No intervention. (Other)
结局指标
主要结局
Muscle Stiffness
时间窗: Baseline
Muscle stiffness (Abductor Pollicis Brevis, Abductor Pollicis Longus and Extensor Pollicis Brevis) was measured using the MyotonPRO (Myoton SA, Tallinn, Estonia) device. A brief mechanical impulse was applied to the muscle and then quickly released. Stiffness (N/m) is a parameter related to the capacity to withstand an external force. The reliability of the device has been proven in healthy individuals. The measurement site was marked on the skin with a pen. In all applications, the MyotonPRO probe was placed perpendicular to the skin, and in multi-scan mode, three measurements were recorded with 10 pulses at 1-second intervals. The average of the three measurements was used for analysis.
Pinch Strength
时间窗: Baseline
Lateral and palmar pinch strength were measured in kilograms using a Jamar hydraulic pinch gauge (ICC: 0.94-0.99). The measurements were performed in the standard position recommended by the American Society of Hand Therapists: seated, with the shoulder in adduction and neutral, elbow in 90 degrees of flexion, forearm in mid-rotation and supported, and wrist in neutral. Three consecutive measurements, each lasting five seconds, were taken, with one-minute rest intervals between each measurement to prevent muscle fatigue. The average of the three trials was used for analysis.
次要结局
- Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV)(Baseline)
- Patient-Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation Questionnaire (PRWHE)(Baseline)
- Finkelstein Test(Baseline)
- Smartphone Surface Area(Baseline)
研究者
Aysem Ecem Ozdemir
Research Assistant
Istanbul Gelisim University