The Reinforcing Mechanisms of Smoking in Adult ADHD
试验速览
- 阶段
- 1 期
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 27
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- The Effects of ADHD Medication Versus Placebo on Cotinine Levels
研究概览
简要总结
Whereas the smoking prevalence rates in the general population are declining, rates among people diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) continue to be elevated. Smoking may be a form of self-medication in people with ADHD, which has specific reinforcing mechanisms such as improvement of ADHD core symptoms, enhancement of moods and arousal, or a combination of both. In addition, the reinforcing effects of smoking may be potentiated by stimulant medication.
The study examined the reinforcing effects of ad libitum smoking with and without ADHD medication in adult smokers with clinically diagnosed ADHD. Participants were adults with ADHD. The effects of two day of ADHD medication compared to two days on placebo for were studied on nicotine intake (i.e., cotinine levels). In addition, task performance on the Continuous Performance Task and nicotine withdrawal symptoms were examined in response to ADHD medication + smoking a cigarette versus ADHD medication + abstinence versus placebo medication + smoking versus placebo medication + abstinence.
The study identified the reinforcing mechanisms of smoking in interaction with ADHD medication. The findings will contribute to a better understanding of nicotine addiction and facilitate the development of targeted smoking cessation and prevention programs for individuals with ADHD and other people with deficiencies in impulse control and excessive risk taking.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Factorial
- 主要目的
- Basic Science
- 盲法
- Double (Participant, Investigator)
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 45 Years（Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •An age of 18 to 45 years
- •A history of ADHD
- •Current diagnosis of ADHD according to clinical criteria
- •Current treatment with stimulant medication
- •Smoking of 10 cigarettes or more per day
排除标准
- •Treatment for any major medical illness such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, skin diseases, current major depressive episode, and schizophrenia even if currently controlled by medication
- •Current pregnancy, as measured by a pregnancy test (Clear Blue Easy, Unipath, Bedford, UK), or planning to become pregnant within the next 6 months. These individuals will not be included because smoking may cause harm to the unborn fetus
- •Nursing mothers
- •Non-English speaking people, because the majority of measurements used in the study have not been validated in languages other than English
研究组 & 干预措施
ADHD medication versus placebo
For the ADHD medication condition, participants received their usual dosage of their usual ADHD medication (e.g., Dextroamphetamine; Amphetamine mixed salts; Atomoxetine; O-Methylphenidate; Lisdexamfetamine). For the placebo condition, a placebo pill was administered.
干预措施: ADHD medication (Drug)
ADHD medication versus placebo
For the ADHD medication condition, participants received their usual dosage of their usual ADHD medication (e.g., Dextroamphetamine; Amphetamine mixed salts; Atomoxetine; O-Methylphenidate; Lisdexamfetamine). For the placebo condition, a placebo pill was administered.
干预措施: Placebo (Drug)
结局指标
主要结局
The Effects of ADHD Medication Versus Placebo on Cotinine Levels
时间窗: 4 days
Salivary cotinine was measured across two days on ADHD medication versus two days on placebo.
次要结局
- The Interacting Effects of Smoking and Overnight Abstinence With ADHD Medication and Placebo on Continuous Performance Task (CPT) Errors of Omission.(4 days)
- The Interacting Effects of Smoking and Abstinence With ADHD Medication and Placebo on Nicotine Withdrawal Measured by the Shiffman-Jarvik Withdrawal Questionnaire.(4 days)