Insomnia´s Impact on DNA Stability, Cardio-metabolic Health and Lifestyle Behaviors: a Case-control Study
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Recruiting
- Sponsor
- Enrollment
- 300
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Insomnia severity index
Study Overview
Brief Summary
Insomnia is a highly prevalent sleep disorder worldwide, with an increasing incidence in athletes, older adults, university students, and individuals with metabolic syndrome. This disorder has been associated with metabolic dysfunction, cardiovascular diseases, and genetic instability. Recent evidence suggests that insomnia negatively impacts cardiorespiratory fitness, insulin sensitivity, and overall health through mechanisms involving neuroendocrine dysregulation, oxidative stress, and alterations in energy metabolism. However, the specific biological and environmental factors that contribute to its prevalence and health consequences remain poorly understood, particularly across different populations. Understanding these associations is crucial for developing effective prevention and intervention strategies to mitigate the long-term impact of insomnia. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of insomnia on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolic flexibility, and DNA integrity, across populations with high prevalence of insomnia, including athletes, older adults, university students, and individuals with metabolic syndrome. This study will also investigate which biological and lifestyle behaviors contribute to insomnia and its health consequences. By doing so, this work will provide critical insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms that link insomnia with metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction, contributing to the development of targeted interventions for at-risk populations
Detailed Description
Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep despite adequate sleep opportunities and an appropriate sleep environment. It affects 10-50% of the adult population worldwide, with several biological, sociodemographic, and psychological-behavioral factors contributing to its occurrence. Notably, its prevalence is higher in women than in men (risk ratio: 1.58, p<0.01) and increases with age, affecting 30-48% of older adults compared to 12-20% of young adults. Additionally, insomnia is more frequently reported among university students than in the general population (18.5% vs. 7.5%), and 13-70% of elite athletes experience persistent sleep disturbances indicative of insomnia.
Recent research has highlighted the long-term negative impact of insomnia on quality of life, as it induces chronic fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness, which are strongly associated with reduced work productivity, academic performance, and athletic capabilities. Additionally, insomnia has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, with a higher prevalence observed in individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension.
Some studies have reported an inverse association between multiple indicators of insomnia and cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals without chronic diseases, further reinforcing the connection between insomnia and cardiovascular disease risk. This phenomenon may be driven by dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system, both of which contribute to increased cardiac contractility and altered neuroendocrine function. Moreover, the observed negative correlation between insomnia and oxygen uptake capacity suggests that insomnia may compromise capillary and mitochondrial density as well as cardiovascular efficiency, which are key determinants of maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max). Another plausible mechanism underlying this association is reduced heart rate variability (HRV) in individuals with chronic insomnia, likely resulting from elevated norepinephrine and cortisol levels, which are known to heighten sympathetic nervous system activity and impair cardiovascular function.
Beyond its cardiovascular implications, sleep deficiency disrupts metabolic homeostasis, promoting high-calorie food consumption through both hormonal (e.g., increased ghrelin secretion) and neurocognitive mechanisms (e.g., heightened hedonic drive for food intake). Over time, these physiological alterations contribute to body weight gain and insulin resistance, increasing the risk of metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
At the molecular level, chronic sleep deprivation has been shown to impair DNA repair cycles, which may contribute to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Specifically, fragmentation of DNA strands has been observed following sleep restriction, leading to slower chromosomal dynamics and impaired cellular recovery. Additionally, sleep deprivation has demonstrated genotoxic effects in multiple organs and tissues, increasing oxidative DNA damage.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Observational
- Observational Model
- Case Control
- Time Perspective
- Cross Sectional
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 18 Years to 75 Years (Adult, Older Adult)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- Yes
Inclusion Criteria
- •Each population group will meet the following inclusion criteria:
- •Healthy Individuals (18-35 years old, men and women)
- •Waist circumference: <90 cm (men), <80 cm (women)
- •Fasting glucose: 70-110 mg/dL
- •Blood pressure: <120/80 mmHg
- •Triglycerides: <150 mg/dL
- •HDL-C: >40 mg/dL (men), >50 mg/dL (women)
- •Physical activity level: 600-1500 MET-min/week
- •Athletes (18-35 years old, men and women)
- •*Engaged in structured sports training with a physical activity level >1500 MET-min/week
- •Older Adults (65-75 years old, men and women)
- •*Free of cognitive or mental health disorders. No specific cardiometabolic or body composition criteria due to the study's exploratory nature.
- •University Students (18-35 years old, men and women)
- •*No specific cardiometabolic or body composition criteria due to the study's exploratory nature.
- •Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome (18-35 years old, men and women)
- •Waist circumference: >90 cm (men), >80 cm (women)
- •Fasting glucose: >110 mg/dL
- •Blood pressure: >130/80 mmHg
- •Triglycerides: >150 mg/dL
- •HDL-C: <40 mg/dL (men), <50 mg/dL (women)
- •Physical activity level: <600 MET-min/week
Exclusion Criteria
- •Individuals with respiratory diseases or musculoskeletal injuries that prevent exercise, as determined by a clinical history review, a physical activity readiness questionnaire (PART-Q+), and pulmonary function tests (spirometry).
- •Individuals with rotating or night-shift work schedules (e.g., emergency personnel, security guards), as circadian rhythm disruptions significantly impact sleep quality
- •Women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or showing high testosterone levels with a history of oligomenorrhea, as these conditions may influence metabolic and hormonal markers. However, women with menstrual irregularities related to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or dysmenorrhea will not be excluded, given the established link between sleep disorders and menstrual cycle variations
- •This study does not involve chronic dietary or exercise interventions, nor does it require long-term participant follow-up, so no additional exclusion criteria apply
Arms & Interventions
Healthy young adults
This group consists of individuals aged 18-35 with no prior diagnosis of insomnia, sleep disorders, or chronic metabolic conditions. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Exercise (Other)
Healthy young adults
This group consists of individuals aged 18-35 with no prior diagnosis of insomnia, sleep disorders, or chronic metabolic conditions. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Bioelectrical Impedance (Other)
Healthy young adults
This group consists of individuals aged 18-35 with no prior diagnosis of insomnia, sleep disorders, or chronic metabolic conditions. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Micronucleus Assay (Genetic)
Healthy young adults
This group consists of individuals aged 18-35 with no prior diagnosis of insomnia, sleep disorders, or chronic metabolic conditions. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Physical activity and sedentary time (Behavioral)
Healthy young adults
This group consists of individuals aged 18-35 with no prior diagnosis of insomnia, sleep disorders, or chronic metabolic conditions. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Sleep (Behavioral)
Healthy young adults
This group consists of individuals aged 18-35 with no prior diagnosis of insomnia, sleep disorders, or chronic metabolic conditions. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: blood sampling (Biological)
Healthy young adults
This group consists of individuals aged 18-35 with no prior diagnosis of insomnia, sleep disorders, or chronic metabolic conditions. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: psychometrics (Behavioral)
Healthy young adults
This group consists of individuals aged 18-35 with no prior diagnosis of insomnia, sleep disorders, or chronic metabolic conditions. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Nutritional Supplement (Behavioral)
Healthy young adults
This group consists of individuals aged 18-35 with no prior diagnosis of insomnia, sleep disorders, or chronic metabolic conditions. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Genotyping (Genetic)
College Students
University students aged 18-35 years, with current affiliation to the Universidad Autonoma de Baja California. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Micronucleus Assay (Genetic)
College Students
University students aged 18-35 years, with current affiliation to the Universidad Autonoma de Baja California. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Exercise (Other)
College Students
University students aged 18-35 years, with current affiliation to the Universidad Autonoma de Baja California. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Bioelectrical Impedance (Other)
College Students
University students aged 18-35 years, with current affiliation to the Universidad Autonoma de Baja California. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Physical activity and sedentary time (Behavioral)
College Students
University students aged 18-35 years, with current affiliation to the Universidad Autonoma de Baja California. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Sleep (Behavioral)
College Students
University students aged 18-35 years, with current affiliation to the Universidad Autonoma de Baja California. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: psychometrics (Behavioral)
Athletes
Amateur and professional athletes with 2 years of training and competitive experience. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Sleep (Behavioral)
College Students
University students aged 18-35 years, with current affiliation to the Universidad Autonoma de Baja California. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Nutritional Supplement (Behavioral)
College Students
University students aged 18-35 years, with current affiliation to the Universidad Autonoma de Baja California. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Genotyping (Genetic)
Athletes
Amateur and professional athletes with 2 years of training and competitive experience. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Exercise (Other)
Athletes
Amateur and professional athletes with 2 years of training and competitive experience. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Bioelectrical Impedance (Other)
Athletes
Amateur and professional athletes with 2 years of training and competitive experience. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Micronucleus Assay (Genetic)
Athletes
Amateur and professional athletes with 2 years of training and competitive experience. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Physical activity and sedentary time (Behavioral)
Athletes
Amateur and professional athletes with 2 years of training and competitive experience. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: blood sampling (Biological)
Athletes
Amateur and professional athletes with 2 years of training and competitive experience. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: psychometrics (Behavioral)
Athletes
Amateur and professional athletes with 2 years of training and competitive experience. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Nutritional Supplement (Behavioral)
Athletes
Amateur and professional athletes with 2 years of training and competitive experience. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Genotyping (Genetic)
Elders
Older adults (65-75 years) without a medical history of cognitive disorders or mental health issues. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Exercise (Other)
Elders
Older adults (65-75 years) without a medical history of cognitive disorders or mental health issues. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Bioelectrical Impedance (Other)
Elders
Older adults (65-75 years) without a medical history of cognitive disorders or mental health issues. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Micronucleus Assay (Genetic)
Elders
Older adults (65-75 years) without a medical history of cognitive disorders or mental health issues. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Physical activity and sedentary time (Behavioral)
Elders
Older adults (65-75 years) without a medical history of cognitive disorders or mental health issues. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Sleep (Behavioral)
Elders
Older adults (65-75 years) without a medical history of cognitive disorders or mental health issues. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: blood sampling (Biological)
Elders
Older adults (65-75 years) without a medical history of cognitive disorders or mental health issues. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: psychometrics (Behavioral)
Elders
Older adults (65-75 years) without a medical history of cognitive disorders or mental health issues. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Nutritional Supplement (Behavioral)
Elders
Older adults (65-75 years) without a medical history of cognitive disorders or mental health issues. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Genotyping (Genetic)
Metabolic syndrome
Individuals aged 18-35 with previous diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Exercise (Other)
Metabolic syndrome
Individuals aged 18-35 with previous diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Bioelectrical Impedance (Other)
Metabolic syndrome
Individuals aged 18-35 with previous diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Micronucleus Assay (Genetic)
Metabolic syndrome
Individuals aged 18-35 with previous diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Physical activity and sedentary time (Behavioral)
Metabolic syndrome
Individuals aged 18-35 with previous diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Sleep (Behavioral)
Metabolic syndrome
Individuals aged 18-35 with previous diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: blood sampling (Biological)
Metabolic syndrome
Individuals aged 18-35 with previous diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: psychometrics (Behavioral)
Metabolic syndrome
Individuals aged 18-35 with previous diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Nutritional Supplement (Behavioral)
Metabolic syndrome
Individuals aged 18-35 with previous diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, lifestyle behaviors, DNA integrity and metabolic flexibility will be examined in all participants.
Intervention: Genotyping (Genetic)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Insomnia severity index
Time Frame: Day 1
A Spanish version of the insomnia severity index scale will be applied to examine the absence or presence of clinical insomnia. This five-item scale provides a range score between 0-28 that is interpreted as follows: * 0-7= No clinically significant insomnia * 8-14 subthreshold insomnia * 15-21 Clinical insomnia (moderate severity) * 22-28 Clinical insomnia (severe)
Daytime sleepiness
Time Frame: Day 1
A Spanish version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale will be applied to examine day-time sleepiness. This is an 8-items self-administered questionnaire that provides a range score between 0-24, interpreted as follows: * 0-5 Lower Normal Daytime Sleepiness * 6-10 Higher Normal Daytime Sleepiness * 11-12 Mild Excessive Daytime Sleepiness * 13-15 Moderate Excessive Daytime Sleepiness * 16-24 Severe Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
Sleep quality Index
Time Frame: Day 1
A Spanish version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale will be applied to examine sleep quality. This 9-item scale provides a range score between 0-21 that is interpreted as follows: \*\<5 good sleep quality \*\>5 poor sleep quality
Body composition
Time Frame: Day 1
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) will be used to measure the components of the body, including fat mass (kg, %), lean mass (kg, %), muscle mass (kg), visceral adipose tissue area (cm2), phase angle (°), and total body water (L), through a mechanism of resistance and reactance. A multi-frequency device (1-1000 kHz), with 8-point Tactile Electrode System will be used for this measurements (InBody 770, KOR). This system also provides a segmental analysis of fat mass (kg, %), and lean mass (kg, %) (right/left arms or legs, and trunk). A body composition score, ranging from 0-100, will be retrieved from a predetermined algorithm provided by the fabricant.
Insulin-like growth factor 1
Time Frame: Day 1
The concentration of Insulin-like growth factor 1 (0.1 - 30 ng/mL) will be will be assessed through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on a microplate reader (iMark, BIORAD, USA). For this, serum samples will be obtained by centrifuging peripheral venous blood samples collected in Vacutainer tubes (4-6 mL; 2500 rpm for 10 minutes).
Vascular endothelial growth factor
Time Frame: Day 1
The concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (31.3 - 2,000 pg/mL) will be will be assessed through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on a microplate reader (iMark, BIORAD, USA). For this, serum samples will be obtained by centrifuging peripheral venous blood samples collected in Vacutainer tubes (4-6 mL; 2500 rpm for 10 minutes).
DNA integrity
Time Frame: Day 1
The frequency of micronuclei, nuclear buds, basal cells, binucleated cells, condensed chromatin cells, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and pyknosis will be determined through microscopic examination of exfoliated oral mucosal cells from each participant.
OPN4 Single nucleotide polymorphism
Time Frame: Day 1
The P10L polymorphism of the OPN4 gene, previously associated with chronic insomnia and severe daytime sleepiness in the Mexican population will be determined using RFLP-PCR assays. DNA will be extracted from previously collected blood samples (4 ml) using the Master Pure DNA purification kit from Epicentre (Illumina Inc., US).
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Time Frame: Day 1
A cardiopulmonary exercise test in a treadmill will be performed after an overnight fasting. Gas exchange, heart rate, and muscle oxygen saturation levels will be assessed continuously during the entire test. Blood pressure and rate of perceived exertion will be recorded prior the end of each stage whereas blood glucose concentration will be assessed before and after the test. All the hemodynamic parameters will be assessed at rest to standardize the cardio-metabolic condition of the participants prior to exercise testing. Maximal exertion will be requested from all participants except elders, in whom a submaximal test will be applied, following the guidelines provided by the American College of Sports Medicine. From this trial, maximal oxygen uptake, ventilatory thresholds/dynamics, chronotropic and inotropic response, and will be examined. A trained exercise physiologist will supervise all the tests and validate the obtained data.
Metabolic flexibility
Time Frame: Day 1
A cardiopulmonary exercise test in a treadmill will be performed after an overnight fasting. Gas exchange will be assessed continuously during the entire test to determine fat and carbohydrate oxidation. The maximal rate of fat oxidation, its shape and area under the curve will be defined in conjunction with the workload at which carbohydrates become the predominant energy source (cross over point). The increase in fat oxidation from rest to exercise will be also relativized to the change in energy expenditure to characterize metabolic flexibility. Resting metabolic rate and respiratory quotient will be also assessed at rest to standardize the metabolic condition of the participants prior to exercise testing. A trained exercise physiologist will supervise all the tests and validate the obtained data.
Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance
Time Frame: Day 1
The serum concentrations of glucose and insulin will be determined under fasting conditions, using a blood chemistry analyzer (Spin120, Spinreact, ESP), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on a microplate reader (iMark, BIORAD, USA) . Serum samples will be obtained by centrifuging peripheral venous blood samples collected in vacutainer tubes under fasting conditions (4-6 mL; 2500 rpm for 10 minutes). The Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) will be then calculated with the following equation: HOMA-IR = glucose (mg/dL) x insulin (uU/mL) / 405
Cholesterol
Time Frame: Day 1
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) will be will be assessed in a blood chemistry analyzer (Spin120, Spinreact, ESP). For this, serum samples will be obtained by centrifuging peripheral venous blood samples collected in Vacutainer tubes under fasting conditions (4-6 mL; 2500 rpm for 10 minutes).
Triglycerides
Time Frame: Day 1
Triglycerides levels (mg/dL) will be will be assessed with a blood chemistry analyzer (Spin120, Spinreact, ESP). For this, serum samples will be obtained by centrifuging peripheral venous blood samples collected in Vacutainer tubes under fasting conditions (4-6 mL; 2500 rpm for 10 minutes).
High-density lipoproteins
Time Frame: Day 1
High-density lipoproteins concentration (mg/dL) will be will be assessed with a blood chemistry analyzer (Spin120, Spinreact, ESP). For this, serum samples will be obtained by centrifuging peripheral venous blood samples collected in Vacutainer tubes under fasting conditions (4-6 mL; 2500 rpm for 10 minutes).
Estradiol
Time Frame: Day 1
The concentration of Estradiol (10 pg/ml - 4300 pg/mL) in young women will be will be assessed through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on a microplate reader (iMark, BIORAD, USA). For this, serum samples will be obtained by centrifuging peripheral venous blood samples collected in Vacutainer tubes (4-6 mL; 2500 rpm for 10 minutes). Current stage of the menstrual cycle and contraceptive use will be recorded for a proper interpretation of Estradiol levels.
Progesterone
Time Frame: Day 1
The concentration of Progesterone (0.15 ng/mL - 128 ng/mL) in young women will be will be assessed through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on a microplate reader (iMark, BIORAD, USA). For this, serum samples will be obtained by centrifuging peripheral venous blood samples collected in Vacutainer tubes (4-6 mL; 2500 rpm for 10 minutes). Current stage of the menstrual cycle and contraceptive use will be recorded for a proper interpretation of Estradiol levels.
Secondary Outcomes
- Nutrition(Responding the food frequency questionnaire will take around 10 minutes and the questionnaire will be applied at the single visit the subjects will be requested to attend the laboratory.)
- Self-Reported Physical Activity Level(Day 1)
- Perceived Stress(Day 1)
- Depressive symptoms(Day 1)
- Ruminative thinking(Day 1)
- Substance abuse(Day 1)
- Screen time(Day 1)
Investigators
Isaac Armando Chavez Guevara
PhD, Biological Chemistry
Universidad Autonoma de Baja California