Effects of Increased Greek Yogurt Consumption on Circulating Markers of Bone Metabolism and Inflammation in Youth and Young Adult Athletes
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 招募中
- 入组人数
- 40
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
研究概览
简要总结
Physical activity and dairy consumption during growth and development are each known to improve peak bone mass in young adults. Peak bone mass, the maximum amount of bone a person will have in their lifetime, is typically reached in the early 20's in females and late 20's in males. However, evidence suggests that young people do not consume enough dairy to maximize their bone mass. The resulting effect in peak bone mass can be troublesome, particularly for athletes, such as volleyball players. This study aims to determine whether increased dairy consumption combined with training can have an additive effect on the physiology of young competitive athletes. Specifically, we will examine whether Greek yogurt consumption will lead to beneficial changes in bone metabolism and inflammation, in adolescent and young adult, male and female athletes, similar to those observed with whey protein supplementation. Many athletes choose exclusively protein supplementation and miss out on other nutrients vital for healthy growth and development. By examining the benefits of Greek yogurt across different athlete age groups and sexes, this work will help reshape the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours surrounding diet of young athletes.
详细描述
Purpose: This study will investigate the effect of chronic high-impact exercise training and GY consumption on bone metabolism and inflammation compared with isonitrogenous/isocaloric whey protein (WP) supplementation (a common practice by athletes) in youth and young adult athletes.
Participants: A total of 40 varsity athletes (aged 17-22 years; 20 males, 20 females) will be recruited in year one, and 40 club athletes (aged 15-16 years; 20 males, 20 females) will be recruited in year two. Participants will be recruited from the varsity teams at Brock and club teams in the Niagara area (one male and one female team from each age group). All participants (and the parents/guardians of club athletes) will provide written informed consent in order to be included in the study. Potential participants will complete an online health screening questionnaire to document general health and individual and family health history. It will also be used to record information on medication use and for female participants to report menstrual history and status, as well as the use and type of oral contraceptives (brand and hormone). Athletes will be excluded from the study if they are injured and unable to participate in practices, have an allergy to dairy foods/dairy protein or have been diagnosed with lactose intolerance.
Athletes from each team will be randomly assigned to either the GY intervention group or the WP comparison group. Thus, eight treatment groups (n = 10 athletes per group):
- GY x Female Varsity
- GY x Male Varsity
- GY x Female Club
- GY x Male Club
- WP x Female Varsity
- WP x Male Varsity
- WP x Female Club
- WP x Male Club
Study Design and Procedures: The study will follow a randomized controlled parallel design over a two-year period. At the beginning of their training season, varsity (year one) and club athletes (year two) will be invited to participate in this 24-week study, consisting of an 8-week control condition (September to November) and a 16-week intervention condition (November to March).
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Prevention
- 盲法
- None
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 15 Years 至 22 Years（Child, Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Competitive youth or varsity athletes
排除标准
- •Presence of injury
- •Inability to participate in practices
- •Allergy to dairy foods/dairy protein or
- •Diagnosis with lactose intolerance
研究组 & 干预措施
Greek yogurt intervention group (GY)
Participants in the GY group will be instructed by a registered dietician to consume 2 servings/day (preferably morning and night) of 175 g GY (0% MF, flavoured, 130 calories, 17 g protein, 225 g calcium; e.g., OIKOS High Protein GY) for a total of 16 weeks. For their convenience, the athletes will be provided with appropriate scoops to measure out 175 g of GY per serving of the larger 650 g commercially available, pre-packaged containers. Although it is recommended to consume the two servings morning and night, to increase ecological validity and strengthen the feasibility of the intervention, the timing of the servings will be flexible to facilitate the training and competition routines. For the same reasons, the athletes will be able to choose the flavour of their GY.
干预措施: Greek yogurt (Dietary Supplement)
Whey protein intervention group (WP)
Participants in the WP group will follow a similar consumption schedule but will be instructed by the RD to consume two servings/day (preferably morning and night) each of 2/3 of a scoop of commercially available WP powder (flavoured, ~29 g, 120 calories, 19 g protein, 112.5 g calcium; e.g., PURE Whey Protein, Walmart) for a total of 16 weeks. The WP scoop will be dissolved in water (e.g., 1 g of WP isolate to 10 mL of water, as recommended by the manufacturer). This protein dose is similar to the previous dose in young swimmers and comparable to other studies in adults. Athletes will be provided with appropriately marked scoops (corresponding to 2/3 of the manufacturer scoop) to measure their single servings. Each athlete will receive two large containers (2 x 907 g = 1814 g per week) at the beginning of each week, which will be enough to cover the two daily servings of 29 g (i.e., 58 g/day).
干预措施: Whey protein (Dietary Supplement)
结局指标
主要结局
Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
时间窗: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation regulator OPG (pg/ml)
Sclerostin
时间窗: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator sclerostin (pg/ml)
Amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP)
时间窗: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation marker P1NP (pg/ml)
Interleukin-10 (IL10)
时间窗: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 (pg/ml)
C-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX)
时间窗: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption marker CTX (ng/ml)
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL)
时间窗: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator RANKL (pg/ml)
Interleukin-6 (IL6)
时间窗: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL6 (pg/ml)
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)
时间窗: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα (pg/ml)
Osteocalcin
时间窗: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of the bone remodelling marker osteocalcin (ng/ml)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
时间窗: Completion of intervention period (week 24)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone related hormone PTH (pmol/L)
Osteocalcin
时间窗: Baseline (week 0)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of the bone remodelling marker osteocalcin (ng/ml)
Osteocalcin
时间窗: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of the bone remodelling marker osteocalcin (ng/ml)
Osteocalcin
时间窗: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of the bone remodelling marker osteocalcin (ng/ml)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
时间窗: Baseline (week 0)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone related hormone PTH (pmol/L)
Sclerostin
时间窗: Baseline (week 0)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator sclerostin (pg/ml)
Amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP)
时间窗: Baseline (week 0)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation marker P1NP (pg/ml)
Amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP)
时间窗: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation marker P1NP (pg/ml)
Amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP)
时间窗: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation marker P1NP (pg/ml)
Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
时间窗: Baseline (week 0)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation regulator OPG (pg/ml)
Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
时间窗: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation regulator OPG (pg/ml)
Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
时间窗: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation regulator OPG (pg/ml)
C-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX)
时间窗: Baseline (week 0)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption marker CTX (ng/ml)
C-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX)
时间窗: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption marker CTX (ng/ml)
C-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX)
时间窗: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption marker CTX (ng/ml)
Sclerostin
时间窗: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator sclerostin (pg/ml)
Sclerostin
时间窗: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator sclerostin (pg/ml)
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL)
时间窗: Baseline (week 0)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator RANKL (pg/ml)
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL)
时间窗: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator RANKL (pg/ml)
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL)
时间窗: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator RANKL (pg/ml)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
时间窗: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone related hormone PTH (pmol/L)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
时间窗: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone related hormone PTH (pmol/L)
Interleukin-6 (IL6)
时间窗: Baseline (week 0)
Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL6 (pg/ml)
Interleukin-6 (IL6)
时间窗: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL6 (pg/ml)
Interleukin-6 (IL6)
时间窗: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL6 (pg/ml)
Interleukin-10 (IL10)
时间窗: Baseline (week 0)
Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 (pg/ml)
Interleukin-10 (IL10)
时间窗: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 (pg/ml)
Interleukin-10 (IL10)
时间窗: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 (pg/ml)
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)
时间窗: Baseline (week 0)
Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα (pg/ml)
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)
时间窗: End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα (pg/ml)
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)
时间窗: Middle of intervention period (week 16)
Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα (pg/ml)
次要结局
- Dietary intake (kcal/day)(Completion of intervention period (week 24))
- Nutrition knowledge(Completion of intervention period (week 24))
- Testosterone(Completion of intervention period (week 24))
- Lean mass(Completion of intervention period (week 24))
- Bone Properties(Completion of intervention period (week 24))
- Body mass(Completion of intervention period (week 24))
- Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)(Completion of intervention period (week 24))
- Estrogen(Completion of intervention period (week 24))
- Fat mass(Completion of intervention period (week 24))
- Body fat percentage(Completion of intervention period (week 24))
- Height(Completion of intervention period (week 24))
- Energy expenditure (kcal/week)(Completion of intervention period (week 24))
- Training volume (hours/week)(Completion of intervention period (week 24))
- Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)(Baseline (week 0))
- Estrogen(Baseline (week 0))
- Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)(End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8))
- Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)(Middle of intervention period (week 16))
- Testosterone(Baseline (week 0))
- Testosterone(End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8))
- Testosterone(Middle of intervention period (week 16))
- Estrogen(End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8))
- Estrogen(Middle of intervention period (week 16))
- Body mass(Baseline (week 0))
- Body mass(End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8))
- Body mass(Middle of intervention period (week 16))
- Fat mass(Baseline (week 0))
- Fat mass(End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8))
- Fat mass(Middle of intervention period (week 16))
- Lean mass(Baseline (week 0))
- Lean mass(End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8))
- Lean mass(Middle of intervention period (week 16))
- Body fat percentage(Baseline (week 0))
- Body fat percentage(End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8))
- Body fat percentage(Middle of intervention period (week 16))
- Height(Baseline (week 0))
- Height(End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8))
- Height(Middle of intervention period (week 16))
- Bone Properties(Baseline (week 0))
- Bone Properties(End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8))
- Bone Properties(Middle of intervention period (week 16))
- Dietary intake (kcal/day)(Baseline (week 0))
- Dietary intake (kcal/day)(End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8))
- Dietary intake (kcal/day)(Middle of intervention period (week 16))
- Energy expenditure (kcal/week)(Baseline (week 0))
- Energy expenditure (kcal/week)(End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8))
- Energy expenditure (kcal/week)(Middle of intervention period (week 16))
- Training volume (hours/week)(Baseline (week 0))
- Training volume (hours/week)(End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8))
- Training volume (hours/week)(Middle of intervention period (week 16))
- Nutrition knowledge(Baseline (week 0))
研究者
Panagiota Klentrou
Professor
Brock University