Exploring the Natural History of Cerebrovascular Disease in Patients With End-stage Renal Disease on Haemodialysis

Brief Summary

Detailed Description

Stroke is common in the United Kingdom and a leading cause of adult disability. It has been reported that more than half of all stroke survivors remain dependent on carers for everyday activities. A greater understanding stroke disease has led to improvements in stroke care for the general population. Patients with ESRD are at increased risk of cerebrovascular disease with a risk approximately 5-10 times higher than the general population yet a relative paucity of data exploring the mechanisms and impact of stroke disease on patients on HD remains. Signs of cerebrovascular disease are common with evidence of early stroke disease (white matter hyperintensities on MRI) having been described in up to 50% of ESRD patients. In addition to this it is now estimated that up to 70% of patients on dialysis aged 55 years and older have moderate to severe cognitive impairment. Previous work has revealed that cognition declines during dialysis - specifically a decrease in executive function has been reported, without significant memory impairment. Such findings are in suggestive of vascular related injury. Mean cerebral blood flow assessed by transcranial Doppler ultrasound is reduced during dialysis, although whether this finding is associated with a clinical outcome is not clear. In order to generate appropriate preventive strategies for stroke in ESRD the mechanism by which injury occurs must be confirmed. In addition, although a decrease in executive function has been shown during HD it is unclear if long-term HD is associated with progressive decline or if this clinical finding correlates with neuroimaging. This study is being performed to determine: * The impact of long term HD (including indices of cardiovascular instability) on changes on brain MRI and cognitive function. * The relationship between intracerebral blood flow rate, brain MRI findings and neurocognitive function * The relationship between intracranial blood flow measures (during and post haemodialysis (HD)) and brain perfusion and structure Following informed written consent patients will be observed over a 12 month period. On the first visit participants will undergo a transcranial ultrasound before and during HD to achieve baseline and intra-dialytic blood flow velocities. During the dialysis sessions a neurocognitive assessment (patient questionnaire) will be performed which will assess multiple cognitive domains. On completion of dialysis a subgroup will undergo a brain MRI. All patients will meet with the investigators within 2 weeks to repeat the neurocognitive assessment on a non-dialysis day. This will allow for comparison of cognitive changes, alterations in cerebral blood flow and (in some) correlation with MRI findings. All participants will repeat this process 12 months later.

Primary Outcomes

Secondary Outcomes

• Correlation between alterations in cerebral blood flow and cognition(Within 4 hour treatment period (of HD))
• Correlation between alterations in cerebral blood flow and white matter hyperintensity burden progression(12 months)
• Evidence of transient cognitive impairment during HD(Within 2 weeks (direct comparison of cognition during dialysis and on non-dialysis day))