Stepped Approach to Reducing Risk of Suicide in Primary Care
- Conditions
- Suicide, AttemptedSuicidal IdeationSuicide Prevention
- Interventions
- Behavioral: Stepped Approach to Reducing Risk of Suicide in Primary Care
- Registration Number
- NCT06018285
- Lead Sponsor
- Cynthia Fontanella
- Brief Summary
Suicide is the second leading cause of death among young people aged 12-17 years in the United States, yet many youth at risk for suicide are not identified or go untreated. Stepped care approaches have been shown to be effective at reducing suicide risk in clinical settings, including primary care. The goal of this hybrid I stepped wedge effectiveness-implementation study is to test the effectiveness of a population-based quality improvement (QI) intervention, entitled STARRS-PC (Stepped Approach to Reducing Risk of Suicide in Primary Care) compared to treatment as usual (TAU), in reducing the risk of suicidal behavior among youth in the pediatric primary care setting. STARRS-PC implements a clinical pathway for youth at elevated risk for suicide in pediatric primary care clinics. Clinical pathways are tools used by health professionals to guide evidence-informed practice. The STARRS-PC pathway consists of three evidence-based suicide clinical care processes: risk detection, assessment and triage, and, if needed, follow-up transitional care.
STARRS-PC is guided by the Practical, Robust Implementation, and Sustainability Model (PRISM), which allows for the study of factors that influence effective implementation of the suicide prevention clinical pathway and is focused on scalability.
The main questions the study aims to answer are:
* Will STARRS-PC be more effective than TAU at reducing the rate of suicide attempt at 12 months post-baseline (primary outcome)?
* Will STARRS-PC be more effective than TAU at reducing suicidal ideation and non-suicidal self-injury, and improving family satisfaction at 12 months post-baseline (secondary outcomes)?
* What are the barriers and facilitators of effective implementation and sustainability of STARRS-PC?
- Detailed Description
This five-year multi-site study consists of the following essential elements: (1) recruitment of 2,572 adolescents ages 12-17 years inclusive at baseline, and their parent/guardian; (2) initial assessment of youth and parent/guardian participants using direct interviews and standardized questionnaires; and (3) follow-up assessments of all participants at 3-months, 6-months, and 1-year post-baseline. To achieve the study objectives, the project will be conducted in 14 pediatric primary care practices.
The study consists of three phases of data collection: TAU, intervention, and sustainability. Eight hundred forty-nine suicidal youth will be enrolled during the TAU phase, and 1,723 suicidal youth will be enrolled during the intervention phase (total number of youth participants = 2,572). Youth and parent participants enrolled in the study will complete multiple questionnaires at four time points (baseline, 3-months, 6-months, and 12-months). Medical record reviews of youth participant files will occur throughout the study and be reviewed by research staff. The intervention phase is followed by a 6-month sustainability phase during which the participating practices will work on maintaining or further improving upon the anticipated gains made during the intervention phase.
Phase 1: TAU
TAU immediately precedes the intervention phase and ranges in length from 6 to 26 months. During TAU, participants will be treated according to usual and customary care, thus establishing each site's baseline rate of suicide risk screening and detection. Usual care at each participating practice involves screening for depression and suicide risk with the PHQ-9. This baseline rate will serve as the control for subsequent study phases.
Phase 2: Intervention
The intervention phase will range from 11 to 30 months. During this phase, each site will implement the clinical pathway, which includes universal screening for suicide risk using the Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ), a four-item questionnaire. Those who screen positive will then be evaluated using the Brief Suicide Safety Assessment (BSSA). The BSSA allows the clinician to assess the level of suicide risk to then choose how to proceed with clinical next steps. Clinicians will triage care based on three categories of risk: low-risk, further evaluation needed, and imminent-risk. The risk assessment will determine the type of care the individual then receives (e.g., mental health referrals, mental health evaluation and safety plan, tele-psychiatry crisis intervention consultation, send to ED).
We will also conduct in-depth qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of providers (e.g., physicians, nurses, social workers) at each of the participating sites. Purposive sampling is a way to identify and recruit participants that are especially experienced with or knowledgeable about a phenomenon of interest. Provider participants will complete a series of questionnaires at three separate times: 1) prior to clinical pathway training, 2) after training, and 3) 6 months after training. Provider participants will also be trained on the quality improvement process for implementing the intervention strategy. Some provider participants will be asked to complete up to four qualitative interviews that will focus on the implementation process, barriers and facilitators to successful implementation of the clinical pathway, and lessons learned.
Phase 3: Sustainability
The intervention phase is followed by a 6-month sustainability phase during which the site will work on maintaining or further improving upon the anticipated gains made during the intervention phase. No participants will be recruited during the sustainability phase and this phase will not be used to evaluate intervention effectiveness.
The specific aims include:
Aim 1: To implement, study, and improve through a Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle, the STARRS-PC intervention that includes suicide risk detection, assessment and triage, and care management based on risk profile. PDSA is a systematic way to test a change that is implemented by breaking down the implementation process into specific steps, and then evaluating the outcome, improving on it, and testing again.
Aim 2: Test the effectiveness of STARRS-PC compared to TAU on the primary patient outcome, suicide attempts, secondary patient outcomes (suicidal ideation, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), and family satisfaction) at 12 months post-baseline, as well as mediators and moderators, through a stepped wedge design.
* Hypotheses: STARRS-PC will significantly reduce the rate of: 1) suicide attempts (nonfatal and fatal) and 2) suicidal ideation, NSSI, and improve family satisfaction during the 12-month post-baseline follow-up period compared with TAU.
* Exploratory Aim 2a: To examine whether increases in provider knowledge, self-efficacy, and buy-in regarding suicide risk screening, assessment, and management will mediate the intervention effect on patient outcomes.
* Exploratory Aim 2b: To examine whether organization readiness and practice integration will moderate effects of intervention on patient outcomes.
Aim 3: To identify barriers to and facilitators of implementation and sustainability of an intervention designed to improve suicide risk detection and risk management using qualitative interviews and surveys with clinical stakeholders at each study site.
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- RECRUITING
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 5244
Not provided
Not provided
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- SEQUENTIAL
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description STARRS-PC Stepped Approach to Reducing Risk of Suicide in Primary Care Intervention consists of implementation of clinical pathway for youth suicide risk
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) [suicide attempt] Baseline, 3, 6, 12 Months Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) is a semi-structured interview that tracks suicidal ideation and behavior severity over time.
Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-JR [Suicidal ideation] Baseline, 3, 6, 12 Months Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-JR is a 15-item modified version of the SIQ, a 30 item self-report measure of suicidal ideation severity in adolescents, that has been tested in a variety of cultural settings and has been used as an outcome measure in several pediatric treatment studies.
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) [NSSI] This measure will be administered to youth only at baseline as well as at 3-, 6-, and 12-months after baseline to track NSSI over time. This is a youth only assessment. The Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) Assessment measures recent and lifetime NSSI.
Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8) [Family satisfaction] Baseline ONLY, Parent and Child receive survey independently. Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8) is an 8-item self-report measure with items scored on a 1-4 scale (1=the lowest satisfaction, 4=the highest satisfaction). The CSQ assesses parent and youth perceptions of treatment acceptability and helpfulness.
AIM (Acceptability of Intervention Measure) [Family satisfaction] Baseline ONLY, Parent and Child receive survey independently. AIM (Acceptability of Intervention Measure) is a 4-item measure used to determine the extent the parent and child finds the intervention pathway acceptable.
Service Assessment Child and Adolescent Baseline, 3, 6, & 12 Month Follow-ups. Parent ONLY receives this measure. A structured interview that assesses types of mental health services adolescents use, treatments they receive within each service setting, reasons for service use, and quality of services within a specified period. Test-retest reliability of the SACA is excellent. Parents only will complete the SACA, as it is expected they will best know the types of services youth are receiving.
Social Determinants of Health Baseline. Parent ONLY Assessment An 8-item self-report measure assessing the nonmedical factors that influence health outcomes. These determinants shape the conditions of daily life for the parent and child. Only the parent/guardian will complete this measure.
Trial Locations
- Locations (11)
AxessPointe Community Health Centers/Health Quarters
🇺🇸Akron, Ohio, United States
Signature Health
🇺🇸Willoughby, Ohio, United States
Holzer Health System
🇺🇸Jackson, Ohio, United States
Nationwide Children's Hospital
🇺🇸Columbus, Ohio, United States
Dayton Children's Hospital - Hope Center
🇺🇸Dayton, Ohio, United States
Dayton Children's Hospital - Main
🇺🇸Dayton, Ohio, United States
Hilliard Pediatrics
🇺🇸Hilliard, Ohio, United States
Maumee Pediatric Associates
🇺🇸Maumee, Ohio, United States
Cornerstone Pediatrics
🇺🇸Miamisburg, Ohio, United States
Village Square Primary Care Center
🇺🇸Perrysburg, Ohio, United States
Franklin Avenue Primary Care Center
🇺🇸Toledo, Ohio, United States