The Effect of a Yoga Program Based on the Neuman Systems Model on Test Anxiety, Quality of Life, and Mindfulness Among Secondary School Students
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 166
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Test Anxiety (Westside Test Anxiety Scale score)
研究概览
简要总结
This cluster randomized controlled trial evaluated the effects of a yoga program based on the Neuman Systems Model on test anxiety, quality of life, and mindfulness among eighth-grade students. A total of 166 students were enrolled in the study, with 81 students in the intervention group and 85 students in the control group. The intervention group participated in a four-week school-based yoga program delivered once weekly for approximately 40 minutes during regular school hours, while the control group received no intervention. The yoga program incorporated breathing awareness, asana practice, pranayama, relaxation, and brief mindfulness practices and was developed based on the protective approach of the Neuman Systems Model. Test anxiety, quality of life, and mindfulness were assessed at baseline, at the end of Week 2, and at the end of Week 4 using self-report measures.
详细描述
This cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of a school-based yoga program based on the Neuman Systems Model on test anxiety, quality of life, and mindfulness among eighth-grade students. The study was conducted during the 2025-2026 academic year, between April and May 2026, in two public secondary schools in the central districts of Denizli, Türkiye.
Two public secondary schools with similar characteristics that met the predefined school-level eligibility criteria and agreed to participate were selected using purposive sampling. Each school was considered a cluster, with the school serving as the unit of randomization. The two selected schools were randomly allocated to either the intervention or control group by an independent researcher using a lottery method. Subsequently, two eighth-grade classes from each school were randomly selected by an independent researcher using a lottery method. School-level cluster randomization was used to minimize potential contamination between the intervention and control groups.
The sample size was calculated using G*Power version 3.1.9.7 based on a two-group, three-time-point repeated-measures design. With an effect size of f = 0.25, a significance level of 0.05, and a statistical power of 0.95, the minimum required sample size was 142 students. Considering potential attrition, the target sample size was set at 160 students. A total of 166 students were enrolled, including 81 in the intervention group and 85 in the control group. Five students in the intervention group were not included in the final analysis because four were unable to participate regularly in the yoga program and one chose not to continue. The final analysis included 161 students, with 76 in the intervention group and 85 in the control group.
The yoga program was developed by the researcher based on the Neuman Systems Model in collaboration with two certified yoga experts experienced in children's yoga. The intervention was delivered by the researcher, who holds a children's yoga instructor certificate, together with a yoga instructor. The program was implemented once weekly for four weeks, with each session lasting approximately 40 minutes. Each session followed a standardized structure consisting of breathing awareness and intention setting (5 minutes), warm-up exercises (5 minutes), asana practice (15 minutes), pranayama practice (5 minutes), and relaxation and brief mindfulness practice (10 minutes).
Before the first yoga session, a WhatsApp group including students and their parents was established for intervention-related communication. During the intervention period, breathing-practice reminders, affirmation statements, and brief home practices were shared after each session to support the transfer of skills acquired during the sessions into students' daily lives. Students in the control group continued their usual school program and received no yoga intervention during the study period.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Prevention
- 盲法
- None
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 13 Years 至 15 Years（Child）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Being an eighth-grade student Having no physical or mental health condition that would prevent safe participation in yoga
排除标准
- •Regular participation in yoga or another mindfulness-based practice Withdrawal from participation in the study
研究组 & 干预措施
Control Group
Participants in the control group continued their usual school program and received no yoga intervention during the study period.
School-Based Yoga Program
Participants in the experimental group received a school-based yoga program based on the Neuman Systems Model. The program was implemented once weekly for four weeks, with each session lasting approximately 40 minutes. Each session included breathing awareness and intention setting, warm-up exercises, asana practice, pranayama practice, and relaxation and brief mindfulness practice. The intervention was delivered by the researcher, who holds a children's yoga instructor certificate, together with a yoga instructor.
干预措施: School-Based Yoga Program (Behavioral)
结局指标
主要结局
Test Anxiety (Westside Test Anxiety Scale score)
时间窗: Baseline (before the intervention), end of Week 2, and end of Week 4
Test anxiety was assessed using the Westside Test Anxiety Scale (WSKÖ). The scale consists of 11 items rated on a five-point Likert scale. Total scores range from 11 to 55, with higher scores indicating higher levels of test anxiety.
Test Anxiety (Westside Test Anxiety Scale score)
时间窗: Baseline (prior to the first intervention session), Week 2 (after completion of Session 2), and Week 4 (after completion of Session 4)
Measured using the Westside Test Anxiety Scale (WSKÖ) to assess changes in students' exam-related anxiety levels in a school-based yoga intervention.
次要结局
- Health-Related Quality of Life (PedsQL 13-18 Adolescent Form Score)(Baseline (before the intervention), end of Week 2, and end of Week 4)
- Mindfulness (BAU Mindfulness Scale for Children Score)(Baseline (before the intervention), end of Week 2, and end of Week 4)
- Health-Related Quality of Life (PedsQL 13-18 Adolescent Form score)(Baseline (prior to the first intervention session), Week 2 (after completion of Session 2), and Week 4 (after completion of Session 4))
- Mindfulness Level (BAU Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Scale score)(Baseline (prior to the first intervention session), Week 2 (after completion of Session 2), and Week 4 (after completion of Session 4))
研究者
Azime Hacıoğlu Güven
Principal Investigator (PhD Student)
Pamukkale University