Comparative Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Versus Probiotics as Adjuncts to Immediate Implant Placement Combined With Subepithelial Connective Tissue Grafting: Clinical, Biological, and Radiographic Peri-Implant Tissue Outcomes A Parallel-Arm Randomized Trial

Dental implant therapy in the esthetic zone is currently judged not only by implant survival but also by preservation of peri-implant hard and soft tissues, maintenance of facial mucosal stability, and achievement of acceptable esthetic outcomes. Immediate implant placement is attractive because it may shorten treatment time, reduce the number of surgical procedures, and preserve the restorative pathway. Nevertheless, immediate placement does not eliminate the physiologic remodeling that follows tooth extraction, particularly at the facial aspect of the socket. Recent evidence has shown that even when immediate implants are successfully integrated, post-extraction dimensional changes may still compromise mucosal contour, midfacial level, and long-term esthetic integration.

Because implant timing alone cannot fully prevent hard- and soft-tissue alteration, contemporary immediate implant therapy increasingly incorporates peri-implant tissue augmentation procedures. Among these, peri-implant soft-tissue augmentation has become an important component of treatment planning because it may improve tissue volume, phenotype, and esthetic stability. Current evidence also indicates that autogenous grafts generally provide more favorable peri-implant soft-tissue augmentation outcomes than substitute materials. In parallel, adequate keratinized mucosa continues to be associated with better peri-implant clinical conditions and lower risk of peri-implant disease, highlighting the importance of peri-implant soft-tissue quality as both an esthetic and biologic determinant of treatment success. Additional systematic evidence has further supported the positive relationship between keratinized mucosa and peri-implant health and stability.

Within this context, subepithelial connective tissue grafting has become a key strategy for enhancing peri-implant mucosal thickness and supporting facial mucosal stability around immediate implants. Randomized clinical evidence has shown that connective tissue grafting performed with single immediate implants in the maxillary esthetic zone can improve mid-buccal mucosal stability over long-term follow-up. Other randomized data have also demonstrated favorable esthetic and peri-implant tissue outcomes when soft-tissue grafting is incorporated into immediate implant protocols. More recent volumetric clinical findings have reinforced the importance of peri-implant soft-tissue volume in limiting unfavorable midfacial mucosal alterations after immediate implant placement.

Although subepithelial connective tissue grafting is an established soft-tissue approach, interest has grown in adjunctive biologic interventions that may further enhance wound healing and peri-implant tissue maturation. Platelet-rich fibrin has received considerable attention because it is an autologous fibrin matrix rich in platelets, leukocytes, and growth factors that may promote angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, soft-tissue healing, and early tissue remodeling. Recent clinical evidence has shown that leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin may improve peri-implant mucosal dimensions and soft-tissue enhancement around implants. In addition, systematic review and meta-analytic evidence suggest that injectable platelet-rich fibrin can positively influence gingival phenotype modification, supporting its biologic plausibility as an adjunctive soft-tissue enhancer.

At the same time, probiotics have emerged as a potentially valuable adjunct in implant dentistry because of their capacity to regulate the oral microbiome, modulate inflammatory pathways, and influence host immune balance. Recent evidence has suggested that probiotics may promote bone homeostasis, facilitate tissue regeneration, and reduce peri-implant inflammatory burden through control of dysbiosis and host modulation. Systematic review evidence in peri-implant oral diseases has shown that probiotic therapy may improve certain clinical and inflammatory parameters, although the available data remain heterogeneous and not yet definitive. More recent meta-analytic findings have similarly indicated that probiotics may provide adjunctive benefits in peri-implant disease management, while also confirming the need for further well-designed trials.