A Randomized Field Trial of Smartphone-based Feedback Designed to Encourage Safe Driving: Comparing Focused and Self-chosen Goals to Standard UBI Messaging
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Completed
- Sponsor
- University of Pennsylvania
- Enrollment
- 1,449
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Overall Driving Score
Study Overview
Brief Summary
The study team are proposing to conduct a randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of focused feedback vs standard feedback and self-chosen vs assigned goals on driving behaviors targeted by behavior-based insurance apps: hard braking, fast acceleration, handheld phone use, and speeding. The interventions arms will receive feedback on their driving behaviors, tips for safe driving, and a UBI-like financial incentive. The Penn research team will use Meta advertisements to recruit for the study and determine eligibility via an online survey. Those who enroll will undergo a 6-week run-in period during which their driving trips will be monitored by a mobile app. Individuals with a sufficient number of trips during this period will be randomly assigned to one of four arms for the intervention period. Target enrollment is 1,300 participants (325 per trial arm). The power analysis assumed an attrition rate of 20% over the course of the study.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Parallel
- Primary Purpose
- Treatment
- Masking
- None
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 18 Years to — (Adult, Older Adult)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- Yes
Inclusion Criteria
- •18 years of age or older
- •Has an Apple or Android smartphone (iPhone iOS 12 or later or Android OS 7 or later)
- •Drives at least 2 days per week
- •English reading ability
- •Passes an attention check
- •Provides valid email address, cell number, name, address, and date of birth
Exclusion Criteria
- Not provided
Arms & Interventions
Self-Chosen Goal with UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background, and will receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed, but will also receive Self-Chosen Focus Area Feedback, Driving Tips, Study Dashboard, and UBI-like Behavioral Incentive.
Intervention: Driving Tips (Behavioral)
Self-Chosen Goal with UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background, and will receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed, but will also receive Self-Chosen Focus Area Feedback, Driving Tips, Study Dashboard, and UBI-like Behavioral Incentive.
Intervention: Study Dashboard (Standard) (Behavioral)
Control
Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background throughout the intervention period for overall driving score, handheld phone use, speeding, hard braking, and fast acceleration. They will not receive feedback, driving tips or UBI-like behavioral incentives.
Participants will also receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed for having the app functioning.
Standard Feedback + UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background, and will receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed, but will also receive, Standard Feedback, Study Dashboard, Driving Tips, and UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Intervention: Driving Tips (Behavioral)
Standard Feedback + UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background, and will receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed, but will also receive, Standard Feedback, Study Dashboard, Driving Tips, and UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Intervention: Standard Feedback (Behavioral)
Standard Feedback + UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background, and will receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed, but will also receive, Standard Feedback, Study Dashboard, Driving Tips, and UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Intervention: Study Dashboard (Standard) (Behavioral)
Standard Feedback + UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background, and will receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed, but will also receive, Standard Feedback, Study Dashboard, Driving Tips, and UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Intervention: UBI-like Behavioral Incentive (Behavioral)
Assigned Goal with UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background, and will receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed, but will also receive Assigned Focus Area Feedback, Driving Tips, a Study Dashboard, and UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Intervention: Driving Tips (Behavioral)
Assigned Goal with UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background, and will receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed, but will also receive Assigned Focus Area Feedback, Driving Tips, a Study Dashboard, and UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Intervention: Assigned Focus Area Feedback (Behavioral)
Assigned Goal with UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background, and will receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed, but will also receive Assigned Focus Area Feedback, Driving Tips, a Study Dashboard, and UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Intervention: Study Dashboard (focused) (Behavioral)
Assigned Goal with UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background, and will receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed, but will also receive Assigned Focus Area Feedback, Driving Tips, a Study Dashboard, and UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Intervention: UBI-like Behavioral Incentive (Behavioral)
Self-Chosen Goal with UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background, and will receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed, but will also receive Self-Chosen Focus Area Feedback, Driving Tips, Study Dashboard, and UBI-like Behavioral Incentive.
Intervention: UBI-like Behavioral Incentive (Behavioral)
Self-Chosen Goal with UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background, and will receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed, but will also receive Self-Chosen Focus Area Feedback, Driving Tips, Study Dashboard, and UBI-like Behavioral Incentive.
Intervention: Sef-Chosen Focus Area Feedback (Behavioral)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Overall Driving Score
Time Frame: 12 weeks of the intervention period + separate analysis of 6 week post intervention.
This is the mean of the four behavior scores for the intervention period (and, in a follow-up analysis of effect sustainability, the post-intervention period). Scores can range from 0 -100, 100 being the safest driving score.
Secondary Outcomes
- Distraction score(12 weeks of the intervention period + separate analysis of 6 week post intervention.)
- Speeding score(12 weeks of the intervention period + separate analysis of 6 week post intervention.)
- Acceleration Score(12 weeks of the intervention period + separate analysis of 6 week post intervention.)
- Braking score(12 weeks of the intervention period + separate analysis of 6 week post intervention.)
Investigators
M. Kit Delgado, MD
Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine and Epidemiology
University of Pennsylvania