A Novel Cross-sectional Analysis of Insulin Sensitivity Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes, MODY2, and Normal Controls: the Contribution of Hyperinsulinemia vs. Hyperglycemia to Insulin Resistance
试验速览
- 阶段
- 1 期
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 33
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Whole-body Glucose Utilization (Rd)
研究概览
简要总结
The purpose of this study is to determine the key factors influencing insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and maturity onset diabetes of the young, type 2 (MODY2).
Our study tests the hypothesis that decreased insulin sensitivity is primarily driven by chronically elevated insulin levels in the blood rather than chronic elevations in blood sugar.
详细描述
This research will determine whether insulin resistance (IR) in T1DM is predominantly an effect of chronic hyperglycemia, as is commonly accepted, or a consequence of iatrogenic hyperinsulinemia in the peripheral circulation, as alternatively hypothesized. IR is a consistent but under-recognized finding in T1DM. Despite its independent contribution to micro- and macrovascular disease, its underlying cause has not been established nor have strategies to mitigate it been developed. This research will also characterize IR in maturity onset diabetes of the young, type 2 (MODY2), a population for whom IR has been inadequately studied to date.
Insulin therapy in T1DM attempts to achieve euglycemia but does so in an "unphysiologic" way, by delivering insulin into the subcutaneous tissue as compared to physiologic delivery directly into the hepatic portal circulation. Although life-saving, peripheral insulin delivery in T1DM results in a loss of the normal insulin distribution; the physiologic state maintains insulin at 3-fold higher concentrations in the portal circulation compared with the peripheral circulation. IR in T1DM could therefore occur in response to peripheral hyperinsulinemia, a mechanism that would protect against hypoglycemia and ensure adequate glucose delivery to the central nervous system.
MODY2 is a condition that results a mutation in the gene encoding glucokinase (GCK), which in turn causes a defect in β-cell sensitivity to glucose due to reduced glucose phosphorylation. This effectively raises the "set point" for insulin secretion in response to increased glycemia. Because MODY2 patients retain pancreatic insulin secretion, they usually require no insulin therapy and have a normal insulin distribution between the portal and peripheral circulations.
We therefore hypothesize that IR in T1DM 1) is a homeostatic response to increased peripheral insulin concentrations resulting from peripheral insulin delivery and not significantly attributable to hyperglycemia and 2) results primarily from peripheral tissue IR (especially muscle) and not primarily from hepatic IR. Further, we anticipate that patients with MODY2, a population that has hyperglycemia without hyperinsulinemia, will have insulin sensitivity similar to that of otherwise healthy, nondiabetic individuals.
To test this hypothesis, the hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp will be used to assess IR in a cross-sectional study of 3 groups of subjects:
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Non Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Basic Science
- 盲法
- None
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 13 Years 至 51 Years（Child, Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Inclusion criteria for all subjects:
- •BMI 19-28 kg/m^2
- •Additional inclusion criteria for T1DM subjects:
- •Age 13-51
- •T1DM duration 1-20 years
- •HbA1c 5.9-8.0%
- •Additional inclusion criteria for MODY2 subjects:
- •age 13-51
- •positive GCK genetic sequencing
- •HbA1c 5.9-8.0%
- •Additional inclusion criteria for control subjects:
- •age 18-5.1
- •HbA1c < 5.5%
排除标准
- •Exclusion criteria for all subjects:
- •severe hypoglycemia (>= 1 episode in the past 3 months or diagnosis of hypoglycemia unawareness)
- •diabetes comorbidities (>= 1 trip to emergency department for poor glucose control in the past 6 months, New York Heart Association Class II-IV cardiac functional status, systolic blood pressure > 140 and diastolic blood pressure > 100 mmHg, fasting triglycerides > 400 mg/dL, liver transaminases > 2 times the upper limit of normal, renal transplantation or serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL)
- •confounding medications (any systemic glucocorticoid, any antipsychotic, atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol, niacin, any thiazide diuretic, any oral contraceptive pill with > 35 mcg ethinyl estradiol, growth hormone, any immunosuppressant, any anti-hypertensive, any-antilipidemic)
- •pregnancy
- •Tanner stage < 5
- •Additional exclusion criteria for T1DM subjects
- •any diabetes medication except insulin
- •fasting c-peptide > 0.7 ng/mL
研究组 & 干预措施
Hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp: T1DM
Participants will undergo an 8-hour hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp to quantify insulin sensitivity at whole-body and tissue-specific levels. The following hormones will be infused in the study:
- insulin (12 milliunit (mU)/m^2/min [3x basal] for 150 minutes, then 40 mU/m^2/min [10x basal] for 180 minutes)
- glucagon (0.65 ng/kg/min [1x basal] for 330 minutes)
- somatostatin (60 ng/kg/min) These infusions will maintain a basal glucagon level and an increased insulin level in the blood that will be equal between all 3 cohorts.
A variable infusion of 20% dextrose will be used to maintain plasma glucose within the euglycemic range throughout the hyperinsulinemic portion of the clamp. 6,6-H2 glucose will be infused at a low rate (0.033-0.22 µmol/kg/min) to determine glucose flux during the study.
干预措施: Hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp (Drug)
Hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp: T1DM
Participants will undergo an 8-hour hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp to quantify insulin sensitivity at whole-body and tissue-specific levels. The following hormones will be infused in the study:
- insulin (12 milliunit (mU)/m^2/min [3x basal] for 150 minutes, then 40 mU/m^2/min [10x basal] for 180 minutes)
- glucagon (0.65 ng/kg/min [1x basal] for 330 minutes)
- somatostatin (60 ng/kg/min) These infusions will maintain a basal glucagon level and an increased insulin level in the blood that will be equal between all 3 cohorts.
A variable infusion of 20% dextrose will be used to maintain plasma glucose within the euglycemic range throughout the hyperinsulinemic portion of the clamp. 6,6-H2 glucose will be infused at a low rate (0.033-0.22 µmol/kg/min) to determine glucose flux during the study.
干预措施: 20% dextrose (Drug)
Hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp:MODY2
Participants will undergo an 8-hour hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp to quantify insulin sensitivity at whole-body and tissue-specific levels. The following hormones will be infused in the study:
- insulin (12 mU/m^2/min [3x basal] for 150 minutes, then 40 mU/m^2/min [10x basal] for 180 minutes)
- glucagon (0.65 ng/kg/min [1x basal] for 330 minutes)
- somatostatin (60 ng/kg/min) These infusions will maintain a basal glucagon level and an increased insulin level in the blood that will be equal between all 3 cohorts.
A variable infusion of 20% dextrose will be used to maintain plasma glucose within the euglycemic range throughout the hyperinsulinemic portion of the clamp. 6,6-H2 glucose will be infused at a low rate (0.033-0.22 µmol/kg/min) to determine glucose flux during the study.
干预措施: Hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp (Drug)
Hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp:MODY2
Participants will undergo an 8-hour hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp to quantify insulin sensitivity at whole-body and tissue-specific levels. The following hormones will be infused in the study:
- insulin (12 mU/m^2/min [3x basal] for 150 minutes, then 40 mU/m^2/min [10x basal] for 180 minutes)
- glucagon (0.65 ng/kg/min [1x basal] for 330 minutes)
- somatostatin (60 ng/kg/min) These infusions will maintain a basal glucagon level and an increased insulin level in the blood that will be equal between all 3 cohorts.
A variable infusion of 20% dextrose will be used to maintain plasma glucose within the euglycemic range throughout the hyperinsulinemic portion of the clamp. 6,6-H2 glucose will be infused at a low rate (0.033-0.22 µmol/kg/min) to determine glucose flux during the study.
干预措施: 20% dextrose (Drug)
Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp:Control
Participants will undergo an 8-hour hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp to quantify insulin sensitivity at whole-body and tissue-specific levels. The following hormones will be infused in the study:
- insulin (12 mU/m^2/min [3x basal] for 150 minutes, then 40 mU/m^2/min [10x basal] for 180 minutes)
- glucagon (0.65 ng/kg/min [1x basal] for 330 minutes)
- somatostatin (60 ng/kg/min) These infusions will maintain a basal glucagon level and an increased insulin level in the blood that will be equal between all 3 cohorts.
A variable infusion of 20% dextrose will be used to maintain plasma glucose within the euglycemic range throughout the hyperinsulinemic portion of the clamp. 6,6-H2 glucose will be infused at a low rate (0.033-0.22 µmol/kg/min) to determine glucose flux during the study.
干预措施: Hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp (Drug)
Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp:Control
Participants will undergo an 8-hour hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp to quantify insulin sensitivity at whole-body and tissue-specific levels. The following hormones will be infused in the study:
- insulin (12 mU/m^2/min [3x basal] for 150 minutes, then 40 mU/m^2/min [10x basal] for 180 minutes)
- glucagon (0.65 ng/kg/min [1x basal] for 330 minutes)
- somatostatin (60 ng/kg/min) These infusions will maintain a basal glucagon level and an increased insulin level in the blood that will be equal between all 3 cohorts.
A variable infusion of 20% dextrose will be used to maintain plasma glucose within the euglycemic range throughout the hyperinsulinemic portion of the clamp. 6,6-H2 glucose will be infused at a low rate (0.033-0.22 µmol/kg/min) to determine glucose flux during the study.
干预措施: 20% dextrose (Drug)
结局指标
主要结局
Whole-body Glucose Utilization (Rd)
时间窗: End of clamp study (the study will last 8 hours)
The primary outcome is the degree to which Rd (determined using isotopic glucose tracer techniques) during maximal insulin stimulation differs between cohorts.
次要结局
- Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity(4 1/2 hours into clamp study)
- Adipose Tissue Insulin Sensitivity(4 1/2 hours into clamp study)
研究者
Justin Gregory
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Vanderbilt University