A Randomized, Controlled-Feeding, Crossover Trial to Assess the Effects of Increasing Lean Beef Consumption Within a Healthy Dietary Pattern on Insulin Sensitivity in Men and Women With Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus.
Overview
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Intervention
- Not specified
- Conditions
- Metabolic Syndrome
- Sponsor
- Midwest Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Research
- Enrollment
- 49
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Change in insulin sensitivity index (Si)
- Status
- Completed
- Last Updated
- 6 years ago
Overview
Brief Summary
The objective of this trial is to compare the effects of a healthy, lean beef diet and an average American, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) style diet, that is low in saturated fatty acids (SFA), on insulin sensitivity in men and women with risk factors for diabetes mellitus.
Detailed Description
This is a randomized, controlled, crossover study that includes two screening visits, one baseline visit, two 28-d test periods and an end-of-washout visit. A 2-week washout period will separate the two treatments. Subjects will be screened to identify metabolic syndrome and/or prediabetes at the screening visits. Eligible subjects will be randomly assigned to a test sequence (USDA/lean beef or lean beef/USDA diets) and the appropriate calorie menu within each test diet, which will be determined based on each subject's calculated energy needs for weight maintenance. Study foods will be dispensed, and subjects will be instructed to consume all of the foods in their entirety for the duration of each 28-d test period, and avoid consuming any additional food or drink items that has not been provided to them. Compliance will be assessed through a Food Deviation Log where subjects will record any non-study food/beverages consumed, and any portions of the study foods not consumed. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) will be completed at baseline and the end of each treatment period, and fasting glucose and insulin will also be measured at screening and at the first test visit in each treatment period. Fasting blood samples will be collected for lipid profile and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) measurements at all treatment visits. Additionally, fasting blood will be drawn for measurement of apolipoprotein B and A1 and lipoprotein particles and subfractions at baseline and the end of each treatment period. Assessments of vital signs, body weight, evaluation of inclusion and exclusion criteria, medication/supplement use, and adverse effects will be performed throughout the study.
Investigators
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
- •BMI of 25.0-39.9 kg/m
- •Metabolic syndrome (exhibiting at least 3 out of 5 of the criteria) AND/OR prediabetes (either fingerstick glycated hemoglobin 5.7-6.4%, fasting fingerstick capillary glucose of 100-125 mg/dL, or 2-h post-prandial glucose of 140-199 mg/dL).
- •Fasting LDL-C level \<200 mg/dL and fasting TG level \<400 mg/dL.
- •Willingness to consume only study-related foods/beverages during each test period and consume all of the study foods provided for each day.
- •Willingness to come to the clinic for study food pick-up as needed.
- •Judged to be in general good health, aside from the inclusionary metabolic criteria for the study, on the basis of medical history and screening laboratory tests.
Exclusion Criteria
- •Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease including any of the following: clinical signs of atherosclerosis including peripheral arterial disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, carotid artery disease \[symptomatic (e.g., transient ischemic attack or stroke of carotid origin) or \>50% stenosis on angiography or ultrasound\], history of myocardial infarction, angina, or other forms of clinical atherosclerotic disease (e.g., renal artery disease).
- •History or presence of clinically important pulmonary (including uncontrolled asthma), endocrine (including type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus), chronic inflammatory disease (including irritable bowel disease, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis), hepatic, renal, hematologic, immunologic, dermatologic, neurologic, psychiatric, or biliary disorders.
- •Known allergy, sensitivity, or intolerance to any ingredients in the study foods (e.g., dairy, nuts, etc.).
- •Uncontrolled hypertension.
- •Recent history of cancer except for non-melanoma skin cancer.
- •Recent change in body weight of ± 4.5 kg (10 lbs).
- •Unstable use of any antihypertensive medication.
- •Recent use of medications intended to alter the lipid profile \[e.g., bile acid sequestrants, cholesterol absorption inhibitor, fibrates, niacin (drug form), omega-3-ethyl ester drugs, and/or proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors\], weight-loss drugs or programs, systemic corticosteroid drugs, medications known to influence carbohydrate metabolism (e.g., adrenergic receptor blockers, diuretics, and/or hypoglycemic medications).
- •Recent use of foods or dietary supplements known to influence lipid metabolism (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids supplements or fortified foods, sterol/stanol products, red rice yeast supplements, garlic supplements, soy isoflavone supplements, niacin or its analogues at doses \>400 mg/d and irregular or inconsistent use of Metamucil® or viscous fiber-containing supplements.
- •Recent use of antibiotics.
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Change in insulin sensitivity index (Si)
Time Frame: Up to 50 minutes - measured at baseline, and end of each treatment period.
Differences in the change from baseline between test conditions (lean beef diet and USDA diet) in the insulin sensitivity index (Si) using the short IVGTT.
Secondary Outcomes
- Total Cholesterol (TC)(Up to 28 days for each treatment period.)
- Homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function (HOMA%B) and insulin sensitivity (HOMA%S)(Up to 28 days for each treatment period.)
- Insulin sensitivity (HOMA%S)(Up to 28 days for each treatment period.)
- Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C)(Up to 28 days for each treatment period.)
- High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C)(Up to 28 days for each treatment period.)
- Non-HDL-C(Up to 28 days for each treatment period.)
- Triglycerides (TG)(Up to 28 days for each treatment period.)
- Disposition index of pancreatic beta-cell function [Si x acute insulin response to intravenous glucose (AIRg)](Up to 50 minutes - measured at baseline, and end of each treatment period.)
- Fractional glucose disappearance constant from t = 10-50 min (Kg)(Up to 50 minutes - measured at baseline, and end of each treatment period.)
- TC/HDL-C ratio(Up to 28 days for each treatment period.)
- High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)(Up to 28 days for each treatment period.)
- Resting, seated systolic and diastolic blood pressures(Up to 28 days for each treatment period.)
- Lipoprotein subfraction and particle concentrations.(Up to 28 days for each treatment period.)
- Apo B measurements.(Up to 28 days for each treatment period.)
- Apo A1 measurements.(Up to 28 days for each treatment period.)