The Efficacy of a Temporary Sub-Placental Uterine Tourniquet in Minimizing Intraoperative Blood Loss in Management of Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorder by a Retrograde Cesarean Hysterectomy (Bladder Last): A Prospective Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Patients included in this study were subjected to:

• All the cases will be operated upon by the same surgical team including the same leads surgeon for all cases.
• Written consent: will be obtained from all participants who are included in the study.
• Full History Taking Including: Name, age , Obstetric code , Menstrual history and last menstrual period , Medical history , Surgical history
• Thorough Clinical Examination: including the vital signs (temperature, blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate) as well as the patient's height to weight ratio (body mass index).
• Laboratory tests: performed including complete blood count, prothrombin time, prothrombin concentration, liver and kidney function tests. Cross-matching of packed red blood cell units will be arranged beforehand.
• Ultrasound:

A detailed second-level trans-abdominal and trans-vaginal ultrasound will be scheduled and conducted before the date of delivery, by a single operator in the department's Ultrasound Unit using a GE Voluson F8 ultrasound system (GE Healthcare, Zipf, Austria).

Trans-abdominal ultrasound will be done in a supine position with both a full and an empty bladder to document fetal biometry, estimated fetal weight, amniotic fluid index and to screen signs of placental invasion. These signs include on grayscale ultrasound, loss of clear zone, myometrial thinning, presence of placental lacunae, bladder wall interruption, placental bulge and focal exophytic mass; and on color Doppler imaging (CDI), uterovesical hypervascularity; subplacental hypervascularity; bridging vessels and placental lacunae feeder vessels. The placenta was recorded as 'low lying' when its edge was 0.5-2 cm from the internal os of the uterine cervix on trans-vaginal ultrasound. When the placenta was < 0.5 cm from the internal os or completely covering it, it was defined as placenta previa (marginal or complete)

• At all-time the patient is closely monitored for hemodynamic instability or vaginal bleeding
• Patient positioning: the patient will be placed in the dorsal supine position
• A wide transverse incision will be performed.
• The rectus fascia and muscle are cut transversely and extended as far laterally as needed. The inferior epigastric vessels are identified and ligated bilaterally.
• The placental invasion will then be re-assessed.
• A partial bladder takedown will be performed to avoid inadvertent laceration of the placenta. This will be done by dissection and release of the adherent bladder from the anterior uterine wall as low as possible (utero-vesical peritoneal fold) together with the vascular disconnection of the newly formed vessels connecting the adherent invasive placenta to the urinary bladder.
• Tourniquet Group: A Foley catheter (20Fr) will be applied around the lower uterine segment at level lower than the placenta acting as a tourniquet
• The dissection of the utero-vesical fold will be extended laterally to both broad ligaments and bilateral opening in the anterior leaflet of the broad ligament will be made. Both ureters will be identified beforehand.
• A Foley catheter will be passed through the posterior leaflet of the left broad ligament in an avascular area , then passing the catheter back through the pouch of Douglas through the right broad ligament.
• The Foley catheter tourniquet will include both the lower uterine segment and part of the bladder dome.
• A Trans-vaginal ultrasound will be used intra-operatively to confirm the proper level of the tourniquet in all. Once the tourniquet is confirmed to be in a level below the placenta, the Foley catheter will be tightened and tied.
• A supra-placental hysterotomy incision is carried out immediately after tightening the tourniquet followed by fetal extraction with immediate cord clamping (< 30 seconds).
• The uterus is then exteriorized, kept under upward traction so that uterine vascular constriction can diminish blood loss and the hysterotomy incision bleeding is temporarily controlled by towel clips.
• We will wait for 10 minutes to assess placenta separation. We will proceed with the hysterectomy in a technique similar to the radical retrograde approach used for en-bloc resection of extensive pelvic disease.
• The round ligaments are divided and ligated, and the broad ligaments are incised laterally and parallel to the infundibulo-pelvic ligaments to expose the retroperitoneum. The loose areolar tissue encountered in this space is carefully dissected parallel to the ureters and the pelvic sidewall vessels.
• The utero-ovarian ligaments and tubes are divided and ligated bilaterally.
• The ureters are carefully identified, dissected and preserved through the anterior bladder pillar in order to keep them out of the field of dissection.
• The plane between the cervix and the bladder is identified below the tourniquet and careful dissection is performed
• The cervix is seized and pulled up behind the uterus. The retrograde approach is continued by retracting the uterus sharply upward, exposing the remaining cardinal ligament attachments (with uterine vessels) medial to the ureters, uterosacral ligaments and bladder pillars, which are sequentially divided by clamps and secured with suture ligatures.
• The uterine specimen removed is partially adherent to the bladder dome and is gently peeled off the bladder to avoid bladder injury with adequate control of the bridging vessels.
• The uterine stump is closed in 2 layers by continuous absorbable sutures.
• The temporary tourniquet is loosened to check for bleeding from the uterine stump and the back of the bladder. The tourniquet is then tightened again to temporarily control the bleeding.
• Individual bleeders from the back of the bladder are controlled by a right angle forceps and then suture ligated.
• Bleeding from the uterine stump is controlled by hemostatic sutures and electro-cautery.
• The tourniquet will be removed.
• Careful exploration is performed and adequate hemostasis is ensured
• Closure of the abdomen over 2 wide bore drains
• Non-Tourniquet group: (No tourniquet is applied around the lower uterine segment)
• Same technique without adding a temporary tourniquet around the uterine artery.
• Estimation of intraoperative blood loss will be obtained through measuring the volume of blood in the suction machine reservoir and weighing the swabs (surgical towels) as soon as possible. The weights of dry swabs will be subtracted from the weights of swabs used during the operation. The weight of swabs found in grams will be translated to ml by using blood density (1.050 g/ml)
• Postoperative blood loss in the first 24 hours and after will be measured by subtracting intraoperative blood loss from the total blood loss
• For patients who didn't receive intra-operative or post-operative blood transfusion, total blood loss will be measured through pre and post operative hematocrit values through the following equations: