Effects of Exercise Intervention and Confounding Factors on Type II Diabetic Muscles

Not Applicable

Completed

Conditions: Aerobic Exercise Intervention or Home Exercise
FTO Gene Expression
Diabetes and Healthy Control
Pre-training and Post-training

Interventions: Behavioral: supervised aerobic exercise or home-based aerobic exercise

Brief Summary: The aim of the first year of this three-year plan is to analyze and compare the muscle quality of lower limb muscle (microcirculation, muscle performance and mechanical characteristics) and maximal aerobic exercise capacity in treadmill exercise tests for diabetic and non-diabetic cases. The hypotheses are:1) the muscle quality of lower limb muscle and maximal aerobic exercise capacity are different between participate with diabetic and non-diabetic, 2) the effect of the three-month aerobic exercise intervention or home exercise on the characteristics of the muscle quality are different , and 3) intrinsic factors (such as age, BMI, and HDL) and characteristics of specific FTO genes are influenced the training outcomes.

Detailed Description: Participants with diabetes will attend an 12-week aerobic exercise intervention or home exercise if the exercise test result of the maximum rate of oxygen consumption is fair or poor. Assessments will be taken before and after the training program, which including muscle strength, stiffness, quality, microcirculation and exercise capacity. Comparisons between the pre-training and post-training condition will be made for each groups. And the assessments also compare with the healthy control group.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

history of moderate-severe somatic or autonomic neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, preproliferative or proliferative retinopathy, and chronic renal failure
unable to perform the programs or assessments
other systematic diseases

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
health control group	supervised aerobic exercise or home-based aerobic exercise	This study will recruit subjects without type 2 diabetes and the age matched to the diabetes groups.
aerobic exercise group	supervised aerobic exercise or home-based aerobic exercise	This study will recruit qualified diabetic subjects according to their results of maximal aerobic exercise capacity (VO2max) and assign them into aerobic exercise or home exercise groups, based on their willingness. The aerobic exercise group will arranged to the supervised aerobic dance program, it's consisted of 50 mins per session, 3 sessions per week and last for 3 months.
home exercise group	supervised aerobic exercise or home-based aerobic exercise	This study will recruit qualified diabetic subjects according to their results of maximal aerobic exercise capacity (VO2max) and assign them into aerobic exercise or home exercise groups, based on their willingness.The home exercise group will give the exercise recommendation based on ACSM's guideline, and it's consisted of 50 mins per session, 3 sessions per week and last for 3 months.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
index of muscle stiffness	Change from Baseline muscle quality at 3 months	elastography was used, units on kPa
muscle microcirculation	Change from Baseline muscle quality at 3 months	Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure oxygen saturation on muscle, units on percentage
muscle strength of knee extensor and plantarflexor	Change from Baseline functional performance at 3 months	Dynamometer was used to measure muscle strength, units on kilograms
maximum rate of oxygen consumption	Baseline	Bruce treadmill protocol was used in the maximal exercise testing, maximum rate of oxygen consumption record as ml/kg/min
Relative sliding of muscles	Change from Baseline muscle quality at 3 months	B mode sonography was used, units on mm/s

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
physical activity level	Change from Baseline functional performance at 3 months	self report the ability of walking one-fourth of a mile, record as degree of difficulty: none, some difficulty, much difficulty, inability
blood cholesterol	Change from Baseline functional performance at 3 months	total cholesterol, units on mg/dL
characteristics of specific FTO genes	Baseline	rs9939609 SNP analysis, record as TT or TA or AA type
blood glucose level	Change from Baseline functional performance at 3 months	Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), unit on percentage
BMI	Change from Baseline functional performance at 3 months	weight and height will be combined to report BMI in kg/m\^2