Acute Effects of Menthol Gargle and Buccal Film on Anaerobic Capacity and Respiratory Parameters in Male Volleyball Players
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 16
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Peak power during the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test
研究概览
简要总结
Menthol activates the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channel and can alter thermal and respiratory perception without producing an actual reduction in body or tissue temperature. Evidence on whether oral menthol improves short-duration maximal (anaerobic) performance is limited and inconsistent, and almost all existing exercise studies have delivered menthol as a mouth rinse, solution, gel or topical preparation. A menthol-containing buccal film represents a distinct route of oral administration, because it adheres to the buccal mucosa and may alter the residence time and release profile of menthol in the oral cavity. No controlled exercise study has compared a menthol-containing buccal film with menthol mouth-rinsing and a placebo condition in athletes.
This single-blind, randomized, three-condition crossover trial compares the acute effects of a placebo (water control), menthol mouth-rinsing, and a menthol-containing buccal film on anaerobic performance in male volleyball players. The primary outcome is anaerobic performance measured with the 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Power Test. Secondary (exploratory) outcomes are respiratory function assessed by spirometry, post-exercise blood lactate concentration, and post-exercise plasma hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) concentration.
Each participant completes all three conditions in a randomized order, separated by 72-hour washout periods. Both active conditions deliver a standardized total of 10 mg of L-menthol.
All testing sessions are conducted at the same time of day, under similar environmental conditions, and by the same researcher.
详细描述
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Volleyball is an intermittent team sport characterized by repeated jumps, sudden accelerations, short-duration maximal or near-maximal movements, and limited recovery intervals. Rapid lower-extremity power production and the ability to sustain it across repeated high-intensity actions are therefore central to volleyball performance.
Menthol is a natural monoterpene that produces a cooling sensation by activating the TRPM8 channel in thermosensory neurons. This sensory response does not correspond to an actual reduction in skin or core temperature, which suggests that any acute effect of oral menthol on exercise may operate through perceptual and behavioral rather than thermal mechanisms.
Findings on strength, power and high-intensity exercise are more limited and inconsistent than those on thermal perception, and recent meta-analytic evidence does not support menthol mouth-rinsing as a consistent ergogenic strategy. Whether menthol affects anaerobic performance under thermoneutral conditions during short-duration maximal exercise remains unclear.
In most exercise studies menthol has been delivered as a mouth rinse, beverage, gel or topical preparation. A buccal film is a distinct oral dosage form: it adheres to the buccal mucosa and, depending on formulation, can alter the residence time and release profile of the incorporated compound in the oral cavity. In pharmaceutical research menthol has generally been studied as a permeation enhancer or excipient rather than as the primary active compound. The dissolution rate, release profile, mucosal absorption and sensory exposure produced by a menthol-containing buccal film cannot be inferred from mouth-rinsing studies. The buccal film is therefore investigated here as an experimental route of administration with no established physiological or ergogenic superiority, not as a presumed enhancement.
HIF-1alpha regulates genes associated with glycolytic metabolism, oxygen homeostasis and angiogenesis, and exercise has been shown to affect HIF-1alpha protein levels and HIF-1-related signaling in human skeletal muscle. At the cell-culture level, menthol-induced TRPM8 activation has been reported to stabilize HIF-1alpha protein through a calcium- dependent, oxygen-independent mechanism. HIF-1alpha is therefore included as an exploratory biomarker of the biological response to high-intensity exercise under the three conditions.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Crossover
- 主要目的
- Other
- 盲法
- Single (Participant)
盲法说明
Participants were not informed of the study hypothesis or the expected direction of effects. The researcher administering the conditions was aware of allocation. Complete participant blinding was not achievable because of differences between routes of administration and the perceptible cooling sensation of menthol.
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 —（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- Male
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Healthy male volleyball player
- •Training regularly
- •No chronic disease
- •No active injury
- •Non-smoker
- •No alcohol consumption
- •No regular use of medications, dietary supplements or performance-enhancing substances
- •No known hypersensitivity to menthol
- •Provision of written informed consent
- •Allergy to menthol or to any other component used in the interventions
- •Pharmacological treatment within the preceding three months
- •History of chronic disease or serious injury
- •Any health condition that could affect test performance
排除标准
- 未提供
结局指标
主要结局
Peak power during the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test
时间窗: During the 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Power Test performed after each intervention, at each of the three study visits separated by 72 hours.
Peak power output (W) during a 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Power Test performed on a mechanically braked Monark 834E cycle ergometer at a resistance of 7.5% of body weight. Calculated with Monark Anaerobic Test Software Version 3.
Mean power during the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test
时间窗: During the 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Power Test performed after each intervention, at each of the three study visits separated by 72 hours.
Mean power output (W) across the 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Power Test performed on a mechanically braked Monark 834E cycle ergometer at a resistance of 7.5% of body weight. Calculated with Monark Anaerobic Test Software Version 3.
Relative peak power during the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test
时间窗: During the 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Power Test performed after each intervention, at each of the three study visits separated by 72 hours.
Peak power output normalized to body weight (W/kg) during a 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Power Test. Body weight was remeasured on each testing day.
Post-exercise blood lactate concentration
时间窗: Immediately after completion of the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test, at each of the three study visits separated by 72 hours.
Lactate concentration (mmol/L) in plasma obtained from a 5 mL venous blood sample drawn from the antecubital vein into an EDTA tube immediately after the Wingate test, centrifuged at 1500 x g for 15 minutes at 4 degrees C within 30 minutes of collection, and measured with a commercial lactic acid assay kit (Reed Biotech Ltd., catalogue no. RE10064) in duplicate.
次要结局
- Forced vital capacity (FVC)(After each intervention and immediately before the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test, at each of the three study visits separated by 72 hours.)
- Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)(After each intervention and immediately before the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test, at each of the three study visits separated by 72 hours.)
- Peak expiratory flow (PEF)(After each intervention and immediately before the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test, at each of the three study visits separated by 72 hours.)
- Post-exercise plasma HIF-1alpha concentration(Immediately after completion of the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test, at each of the three study visits separated by 72 hours.)
研究者
Vedat Cinar
Prof. Dr. Vedat ÇINAR
Firat University