Antiplaque, Antigingivitis and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Myrrh Mouthwash

Not Applicable

Completed

Interventions: Drug: Myrrh mouthwash
Drug: Chlorhexidine mouthwash
Drug: Normal saline

Brief Summary: Myrrh-based mouthwash has the potential to be a suitable alternative to the gold standard chlorhexidine mouthwash for dental plaque and gingivitis reduction. To date, however, little research has been carried out to determine its true clinical significance on periodontal health. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the efficacy of 1% myrrh mouthwash with commercially available 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash in terms of plaque and gingivitis reduction and inflammatory mediator (interleukin-1β) inhibition.

Detailed Description: This will be a single-center, triple-blinded, randomized, three-arm parallel, controlled trial in periodontally healthy adult volunteers (no clinical attachment loss and bleeding on probing \< 10%). We will include all eligible patients seeking dental treatment at the center after gaining a written informed consent. After the initial dental screening and a session of professional teeth cleaning procedures, participants will be instructed to refrain from regular oral hygiene practices for 2 weeks to develop experimental gingivitis. Participants will then be randomly allocated to one of the three treatment groups \[1:1:1\] using a simple randomization method (i.e. computer-generated random numbers). They will be instructed to continue refrain from regular oral hygiene practices and use 10 ml of the assigned mouthwash twice daily for 1 minute. Treatment effect will be evaluated by comparing the baseline (day 0) and post-intervention (day 14) values of all clinical parameters (modified gingival index, plaque index, proinflammatory interleukin-1β biomarker, and Gingival Bleeding Index).

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

pocket depth >3 mm
severe misalignment of teeth;
the presence of orthodontic appliances;
intake of antibiotic and/or anti-inflammatory medications within the past 6 months;
use of tobacco;
inability of comply with the study's appointment schedule;
pregnant or breast-feeding mothers.

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Myrrh mouthwash	Myrrh mouthwash	1% mouthwash of Commiphora myrrha made from resin extract. Participants will use 10 ml of the mouthwash twice daily for 14 days.
Chlorhexidine Mouthwash	Chlorhexidine mouthwash	Commercial 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash (Avalon Pharma, Riyadh). Participants will use 10 ml of the mouthwash twice daily for 14 days.
Normal saline	Normal saline	Commercial 0.9% sodium chloride solution (Pharmaceutical solutions industry, Jeddah). Participants will use 10 ml of the mouthwash twice daily for 14 days.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change from Baseline in inflammation on the proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β biomarker at Day 14	Baseline and Day 14	IL-1β is an important mediator of the inflammatory response. Elevated IL-1β levels have been reported in a number of infectious disease conditions and in noninfectious inflammatory conditions. Human IL-1β ELISA kit by BioVendor was utilized to determine the IL-1β level. Preparation of reagents, execution of test protocol, and calculation of results were done adhering to the manufacturer's Product Data Sheet enclosed with the kit. The absorbance of each strip was read on a spectro-photometer at 450 nm wave length.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change from Baseline in gingivitis on the 4-point Modified Gingival Index (MGI) at Day 7 and 14	Baseline, Day 7, and Day 14	The MGI is a noninvasive visual assessment tool to assess the severity of gingivitis over time. It uses a rating score between 0 (normal gingiva) and 3 (severe inflammation with tendency to spontaneous bleeding). Change = (Day 14 Score - Baseline Score)
Change from Baseline in plaque accumulation on O'leary Plaque Index (PI) at Day 7 and 14	Baseline, Day 7, and Day 14	The PI is a validated assessment tool based on recording of the presence of soft debris and mineralized deposits on all 4 surfaces of all teeth. It uses a rating score between 0 (no plaque) and 1 (plaque present at gingival margin). Change = (Day 14 Score - Baseline Score)
Change from Baseline in gingival bleeding on the Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) at Day 14	Baseline and Day 14	The GBI is a reliable indicator of gingival inflammation and periodontal stability. It uses gentle probing of the orifice of the gingival sulcus. The bleeding on probing (BOP) was assessed using a standardized periodontal probe with a 0.6 mm tip and 1 mm marking. A trained examiner measured BOP applying probing forces not exceeding 0.25 N (25 g). A positive finding was recorded if bleeding occured within 10 seconds.