Use of Botulinum Toxin (BTX) for the Treatment of Peripheral Painful Traumatic Trigeminal Neuropathy (PPTTN)

Traumas of either physical (shocks, ballistic impacts etc.) or surgical origin are accompanied by acute pain which disappears in most cases with tissue healing. However, in some instances pain may persist in spite of an apparently normal tissue repair. Many reports have pointed to the societal impact of these neuropathic pains which is a major public health problem in Europe and in the world. In addition to the degradation of the quality of individual life that affects hedonistic, emotional, social, professional etc. dimensions of life, the economic cost to society is considerable (treatment costs, work absenteeism, loss of motivation and concentration, etc.) Among these pains, PPTTN resulting from orofacial nerve damage after physical or surgical trauma are little studied. Some studies suggest a high prevalence, ranging from 0.5 to 12% after oral surgery, including endodontic treatment (root canal treatment), simple or complex dental extractions like wisdom teeth, dental implants, and surgical interventions (cyst removal, orthognathic surgery etc.). However, despite significant advances in recent decades, pathophysiological mechanisms of these pains are still largely unknown. The majority of these pains are clinically resistant to standard analgesics and therefore extremely difficult to treat, particularly for trigeminal pain. Understanding these pains is of major interest to determine new strategies and therapeutic targets.

Symptomatology and Pathophysiology The main complaint of patients is moderate to severe and usually burning but may be stabbing. Most cases are continuous, but may report superimposed paroxysmal pain attacks. Less frequently, the pain may be short lasting with associated mechanical trigger areas, mimicking trigeminal idiopathic neuralgia. However, even in these cases, the pain attacks are usually longer than those associated with trigeminal neuralgia. Pain is unilateral and may be precisely located to the dermatome of the affected nerve with demonstrable sensory dysfunction. The pain may be diffuse and spread across dermatomes, but rarely crosses the midline. Patients may complain of a feeling of swelling, foreign body, hot or cold, local redness or flushing. Non-painful but annoying dysesthesias such as itching, numbness, etc. are often present.

From a pathophysiological point of view, the development of painful symptoms after peripheral nerve injury is related to peripheral and central changes. Damaged tissue initiate peripheral changes at the injury site that result in functional changes of neuronal, glial and vascular cells, followed by ganglionic and central changes. These changes modify both the functioning and the excitability of individual neurons and the configuration of synaptic networks, at the spinal cord/ brainstem and brain levels. These events in turn lead to genetic and epigenetic changes which translate as long term alterations of neuronal phenotypes Our research group (Team "Neuroinflammation Pain and Stress", U894, Psychiatry Centre and Neurosciences.) has been involved for many years in deciphering the actors and events contributing to the development of post-traumatic neuropathic pain, in both spinal and trigeminal models.

Treatment The diagnostic difficulty is a therapeutic challenge. During the many consultations (average of 7.5 practitioners visited), patients received different treatments: surgical, antidepressant, analgesic or alternative which are often ineffective and potentially iatrogenic and often need to be complemented by a psychotherapeutic approach.

The surgical management of patients with neuropathic pain is controversial. Indeed, the long term results of micro-neurosurgical procedures are often anecdotal, highly variable, and operator-dependent. In addition they are difficult to assess because studies are rare and involve only few patients. A thorough evaluation of these techniques is necessary and many other authors recommend stopping any surgical procedure at the site of pain and contraindicate surgery. These could indeed worsen the patient's pain.