Characterizing Emmer Seeds and Flours, and Determining the Glycemic Effects of Emmer Breads
Not Applicable
Completed
- Conditions
- Appetitive BehaviorPotential Abnormality of Glucose Tolerance
- Interventions
- Other: Glucose as reference foodOther: Emmer bread from Greek emmerOther: Emmer bread from Italian emmerOther: Whole wheat commercial bread
- Registration Number
- NCT04858373
- Lead Sponsor
- Agricultural University of Athens
- Brief Summary
This study characterized emmer seeds, flours, and breads, and investigated the effects of emmer breads on the glycemic response
- Detailed Description
This study aimed to 1. describe the technological characteristics of emmer seeds, flours, and breads, 2. determine the glycemic index and glycemic load of two emmer breads, and 3. to investigate the effects of these breads on postprandial glycemic response in healthy subjects
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 14
Inclusion Criteria
- healthy
- non-smoking
- non-diabetic men and women
- body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 27 kg/m2
Exclusion Criteria
- severe chronic disease (e.g. coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus,kidney or liver conditions, endocrine conditions)
- gastrointestinal disorders
- pregnancy
- lactation
- competitive sports
- alcohol
- drug dependency
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- CROSSOVER
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Emmer bread from Italian emmer Emmer bread from Greek emmer Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink. Emmer bread from Italian emmer Glucose as reference food Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink. Emmer bread from Italian emmer Emmer bread from Italian emmer Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink. Whole wheat commercial bread Glucose as reference food Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink. Glucose as reference food Glucose as reference food Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink. Glucose as reference food Whole wheat commercial bread Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink. Emmer bread from Greek emmer Glucose as reference food Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink. Glucose as reference food Emmer bread from Italian emmer Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink. Emmer bread from Italian emmer Whole wheat commercial bread Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink. Whole wheat commercial bread Emmer bread from Greek emmer Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink. Glucose as reference food Emmer bread from Greek emmer Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink. Emmer bread from Greek emmer Emmer bread from Greek emmer Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink. Emmer bread from Greek emmer Emmer bread from Italian emmer Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink. Emmer bread from Greek emmer Whole wheat commercial bread Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink. Whole wheat commercial bread Emmer bread from Italian emmer Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink. Whole wheat commercial bread Whole wheat commercial bread Fourteen healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 6, female: 8) after 12hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrates from D-glucose, three times, in different visits as reference food along with 300ml water; and 50g available carbohydrates from emmer bread from Greek emmer seeds, emmer bread from Italian emmer seeds, and whole wheat commercial soft bread, tested once, in different visits. there was a washout period of 2 days between visits. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after food consumption. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first bite of food or drink.
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Capillary blood glucose responses 2 hours Clinically useful change in blood glucose, defined as the restoration of glucose within normal limits during the 2hr glucose tolerance test
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Blood pressure 2 hours Useful change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and 2hr after consumption of the breads
Subjective appetite ratings 2 hours Useful change in subjective appetite using visual analogue scales with a score 0 to 10 (given in the form of booklet,one scale per page) at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. The minimum or maximum score will be evaluated if it is better or worse depending on the appetite variable e.g hunger, satiety, desire to eat etc.
Trial Locations
- Locations (1)
Agricultural University of Athens
🇬🇷Athens, Attica, Greece