Voluntary Intake of Seed Enhanced Lunch Foods
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Active, not recruiting
- Sponsor
- Enrollment
- 24
- Locations
- 2
- Primary Endpoint
- Lunch food intake
Study Overview
Brief Summary
The goal of the study is to determine the likability of seeds incorporated into lunch foods. The study will provide a better understanding of ways to make recipe alterations that may promote health and fullness.
Detailed Description
The objective of this study is to investigate the likability and potential satisfying effects of seed-enhanced foods. Seed consumption, owing to its high nutritional and functional characteristics, has become popular in recent years. Chia seeds, tiny edible seeds also known as Salvia hispanica L., are derived from a plant of the Lamiaceae family that grows in arid or semiarid climates. Hemp seeds are derived from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Although these seeds may seem different in appearance and taste, they share many similarities regarding their nutritional/health benefits. These seeds are a rich source of essential fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6) and antioxidants. In addition, both chia and hemp seeds are sources of plant-based protein. Seeds also contain dietary fiber, which is essential to keep the digestive system healthy. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that adults consume 22-34 grams of fiber daily depending on age and sex. However, more than 90% of women and 97% of men do not meet the recommended fiber intake. Several studies in the past have shown the beneficial impact of supplementation with high-fiber foods exerting positive effects on appetite control and short-term satiety. Chia seeds are rich in soluble fiber that helps to lower cholesterol and delay starch digestion potentially impacting appetite and satiety. Various studies have reported the beneficial effects of chia seed consumption on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension. Only a few studies have been conducted to investigate the satiating effects of chia or hemp seeds. These studies have mostly examined the influence of chia seed or hemp seeds as a mid-morning snack on short-term satiety and energy intake. No studies have examined how the use of chia or hemp seeds as a lunch meal ingredient could impact satiety. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to investigate likability and potential satisfying effects of seed-enhanced foods.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Crossover
- Primary Purpose
- Prevention
- Masking
- Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 25 Years to — (Adult, Older Adult)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- Yes
Inclusion Criteria
- Not provided
Exclusion Criteria
- •Younger than 25 years
- •Known (self-reported) allergy or adverse reaction to study foods
- •Women who have given birth during the previous 12 months or who are pregnant/lactating or who plan to become pregnant over the upcoming 6 months (which will overlap with the study period)
- •Presence of diabetes, diverticulitis (inflammation of the large intestine), colitis (inflammation of the colon), celiac disease, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, gastrointestinal disease, pancreatic disease
- •History of bariatric surgery or other weight control surgery
- •Removal of a portion of the stomach or gastrointestinal tract
- •Actively trying to gain or lose weight at the time of the study recruitment or planning to gain or lose weight during the study periods
- •Diminished sense of taste and/or smell
- •Anorexia Nervosa and/or Bulimia
- •Smoking, vaping, or use of tobacco products in the past 3 months
- •Suspected or known physiological/mechanical gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction
- •Use of certain medications or supplements (prescription or over-the-counter) that may interfere with the study objectives
- •Unable or unwilling to give informed consent or communicate with study staff
- •Self-report of alcohol or substance abuse within the past 12 months and/or current treatment for these problems (long-term participation in Alcoholics Anonymous is not an exclusion)
- •Other medical, psychiatric, or behavioral factors that in the judgment of the Principal Investigator may interfere with study participation or the ability to follow the study plan
Arms & Interventions
Control Lunch Meal
A lunch meal will be provided that is comprised of soup and bread. These items will be made from standard recipes. This arm will be a placebo comparator to meals made with chia seeds or help seeds, which may provide extra satiety.
Intervention: Placebo (Other)
Chia Enriched Lunch Meal
A lunch meal will be provided that is comprised of soup and bread. These items will be made from standard recipes that have been enhanced with chia seeds, which may provide extra satiety compared to the standard recipes in the placebo arm.
Intervention: Chia seeds (Other)
Hemp Enriched Lunch Meal
A lunch meal will be provided that is comprised of soup and bread. These items will be made from standard recipes that have been enhanced with hemp seeds, which may provide extra satiety compared to the standard recipes in the placebo arm.
Intervention: Hemp seeds (Other)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Lunch food intake
Time Frame: 30 minutes after the start of the intervention
Mass of food eaten at lunch, weighed in grams
Feelings of hunger
Time Frame: 30 minutes post treatment
Visual Analogue Scale assessment of hunger, assessed by participants placing a mark on a line, measured as millimeters across the line, with larger values meaning more hungry. To answer the question "How hungry do you feel?" one end of the line will be labeled "I am not hungry at all" and the other end of the line will be labeled "I have never been more hungry." This question is part of a validated ingestive behavior questionnaire.
Feelings of satisfaction
Time Frame: 30 minutes post intervention
Visual analogue scale assessment of meal satisfaction, assessed by participants placing a mark on a line, measured as millimeters across the line, with larger values meaning more satisfied. To answer the question "How satisfied do you feel?" one end of the line will be labeled "I am completely empty" and the other end of the line will be labeled "I cannot eat another bite." This question is part of a validated ingestive behavior questionnaire.
Feelings of fullness
Time Frame: 30 minutes post intervention
Visual analogue scale assessment of fullness, assessed by participants placing a mark on a line, measured as millimeters across the line, with larger values meaning more full. To answer the question "How full do you feel?" one end of the line will be labeled "Not at all full" and the other end of the line will be labeled "Totally full." This question is part of a validated ingestive behavior questionnaire.
Lunch food intake
Time Frame: 30 minutes after the start of the intervention
Mass of food eaten at lunch, weighed in grams
Feelings of hunger
Time Frame: 30 minutes post treatment
Visual Analogue Scale assessment of hunger, assessed by participants placing a mark on a line, measured as millimeters across the line, with larger values meaning more hungry. To answer the question "How hungry do you feel?" one end of the line will be labeled "I am not hungry at all" and the other end of the line will be labeled "I have never been more hungry." This question is part of a validated ingestive behavior questionnaire.
Feelings of satisfaction
Time Frame: 30 minutes post intervention
Visual analogue scale assessment of meal satisfaction, assessed by participants placing a mark on a line, measured as millimeters across the line, with larger values meaning more satisfied. To answer the question "How satisfied do you feel?" one end of the line will be labeled "I am completely empty" and the other end of the line will be labeled "I cannot eat another bite." This question is part of a validated ingestive behavior questionnaire.
Feelings of fullness
Time Frame: 30 minutes post intervention
Visual analogue scale assessment of fullness, assessed by participants placing a mark on a line, measured as millimeters across the line, with larger values meaning more full. To answer the question "How full do you feel?" one end of the line will be labeled "Not at all full" and the other end of the line will be labeled "Totally full." This question is part of a validated ingestive behavior questionnaire.
Ability to consume more food
Time Frame: 30 minutes post intervention
Visual analogue scale assessment of ability to consume more food, assessed by participants placing a mark on a line, measured as millimeters across the line, with larger values meaning more able to eat more food. To answer the question "How much do you think you can eat?" one end of the line will be labeled "Nothing at all" and the other end of the line will be labeled "A lot." This question is part of a validated ingestive behavior questionnaire.
Desire to eat something sweet
Time Frame: 30 minutes post intervention
Visual analogue scale assessment of desire to consume something sweet, assessed by participants placing a mark on a line, measured as millimeters across the line, with larger values meaning more greater desire to eat something sweet. To answer the question "Would you like to eat something sweet?" one end of the line will be labeled "Yes, very much" and the other end of the line will be labeled "No, not at all." This question is part of a validated ingestive behavior questionnaire.
Desire to eat something salty
Time Frame: 30 minutes post intervention
Visual analogue scale assessment of desire to consume something salty, assessed by participants placing a mark on a line, measured as millimeters across the line, with larger values meaning more greater desire to eat something salty. To answer the question "Would you like to eat something salty?" one end of the line will be labeled "Yes, very much" and the other end of the line will be labeled "No, not at all." This question is part of a validated ingestive behavior questionnaire.
Desire to eat something savory
Time Frame: 30 minutes post intervention
Visual analogue scale assessment of desire to consume something savory, assessed by participants placing a mark on a line, measured as millimeters across the line, with larger values meaning more greater desire to eat something savory. To answer the question "Would you like to eat something savory?" one end of the line will be labeled "Yes, very much" and the other end of the line will be labeled "No, not at all." This question is part of a validated ingestive behavior questionnaire.
Desire to eat something fatty
Time Frame: 30 minutes post intervention
Visual analogue scale assessment of desire to consume something fatty, assessed by participants placing a mark on a line, measured as millimeters across the line, with larger values meaning more greater desire to eat something fatty. To answer the question "Would you like to eat something fatty?" one end of the line will be labeled "Yes, very much" and the other end of the line will be labeled "No, not at all." This question is part of a validated ingestive behavior questionnaire.
Secondary Outcomes
No secondary outcomes reported
Investigators
Janet Novotny
Research Physiologist
USDA Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center