Effectiveness of the Z-Track Technique As a Pain-Reducing Strategy for Neonates During Intramuscular Injection: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Completed
- Sponsor
- University of Baghdad
- Enrollment
- 147
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Neonatal/ Infant Pain Scale
Study Overview
Brief Summary
A quantitative study, true experimental, posttest-only design has been used for the current study. one intervention (the Z-track technique) and one control group involved in the study. The primary outcome measure is the Neonatal/Infant Pain Scale to be used immediately after intramuscular injections to measure the pain level among neonates.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Parallel
- Primary Purpose
- Supportive Care
- Masking
- Single (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 5 Minutes to 2 Hours (Child)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- No
Inclusion Criteria
- •Neonates delivered through cesarean section
- •Apgar score of 8 or more
- •Weight between 2500 - 3500 grams
- •neonates receiving IM injections
- •Males / females
- •term neonates between 37th and 42nd week of gestation
Exclusion Criteria
- •Congenital anomalies
- •neonates who received intramuscular injection such as the Hepatitis B vaccine
- •Low birth weight
- •Neural tube defects
- •neonates who are of normal vaginal delivery
Arms & Interventions
Z-track technique
To perform the zeta-track technique: In this method, the neonates are in supine position, the skin is moved and held from the injection site 2 to 3 cm to the side or downward using the non- dominant hand, to ensure that blood vessel wasn't penetrated aspiration on the syringe must perceive the injection and then the medication is to be injected slowly. Researcher assistant that is unaware of the injection method performs the recording of the pain intensity and leakage diameter on the observation form.
Intervention: Z-track technique (Other)
Control group
the neonates receive the intramuscular injection using the conventional method and protocol used in the postnatal ward without any interventions
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Neonatal/ Infant Pain Scale
Time Frame: from the process of enrollment at the post-natal ward until the IM injection is administered (usually takes less than 1 hour)
A scale developed specifically for newborn infants. Consists of 6 criterion (Face Expression, cry, Patterns of Breathing, leg and arm movements, Arousal status) Recommended for children less than 1 year old.
Secondary Outcomes
No secondary outcomes reported
Investigators
Haider Jumaa Kareem
Academic Nurse
University of Baghdad