A Single Arm Phase-IV Study to Determine Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Delayed COVID-19 Vaccine Schedule in Children

BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech/Comirnaty®) vaccine is a mRNA vaccine that is (26/11/2021) approved for use in adults and adolescents (12 years old and above) under the Pandemic Special Access Route (PSAR) by the Health Sciences Authority (HSA), Singapore.1 Two doses of vaccine (30mcg) given 3 weeks apart was shown to be > 95% effective in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19 infection.2 The latest phase 3 trial of the vaccine using a lower (10 mcg) two dose schedule (3 weeks apart) in children aged 5 to 11 year old was found to be > 90% effective.

Older age groups and those with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, etc are at highest risk of severe COVID-19 disease. Currently, recommendations for vaccination have been extended to adolescents in Singapore as well as many countries including the USA, Israel and Ireland, in view of the high rates of infection in this age group. On 29 October 2021, the FDA authorised the use of BNT162b2 Pfizer-BioNTech/Cominarty vaccine for emergency use in children 5 to 11 years old.4 Subsequently, the CDC recommended COVID-19 vaccination of children 5 to 11 years old in the USA using intramuscular 10mcg of BNT162b2 Pfizer-BioNTech/Comirnaty®) vaccine given 3 weeks apart.

A key concern regarding paediatric vaccination is a rare side effect of inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) that has been observed after receipt of the second dose of BNT162b2,especially in younger age groups including adolescents and males. Centre for Disease Control (CDC), USA reported that there were 9.8 cases of myocarditis per million first doses given and this rose to 67 per million after the second dose. Most cases of myocarditis were benign and self-limiting but long-term impact remains uncertain.

There are possible alternatives to a standard two dose schedule given 21 days apart which may help reduce the risk of adverse events such as myocarditis. The extended interval between doses had been shown in the UK to result in improved immunogenicity in adults. The optimum timing of such a delayed dosing schedule remains unknown in children and identifying the best timing to help delay the need for boosters in children will be useful.