Late Sequelae of Childhood and Adolescent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Survivors After Radiotherapy

Introduction Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an uncommon childhood malignancy. As the high incidence of local-regional advanced disease, its undifferentiated histology and its close association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) , it is distinguishable from the adult form of the disease. Treatment strategies for childhood NPC follow guidelines established for adults. Although children and adolescents are more likely to have advanced disease at onset, they generally have a significantly better chance of survival. With combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy, overall survival has been reported more than 75% in most pediatric studies. However, late sequelae such as endocrinopathies, hearing disorder, dental problems, life-long dry mouth, and secondary neoplasms have been reported. Little research focuses on long-term morbidities of children and adolescent NPC survivors, and most studies are small scale and have short follow-up time. Therefore, this study analyzed the long-term morbidities of children and adolescent NPC survivors after radiotherapy. Factors associated with those morbidities were also analyzed.

Methods and Materials Patients We reviewed the medical records of all NPC patients younger than 18 years old treated at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) from February 1991 to October 2010. Detailed medical records were taken from our institutional database. Patients were also followed using comprehensive questionnaires and phone calls. All patients were restaged according to the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) TNM classification version 2009 of NPC. We extracted data on clinical characteristics, histopathology, imaging findings, treatment, outcomes, and late morbidities. Informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Treatment protocols The main treatment strategy for patients was based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines. Patients with early-stage (stage I and II) disease were treated with radiotherapy alone, and patients with advanced-stage disease (stage III and IV) were treated with a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. NPC patients were treated with a high-dose of radiotherapy to the nasopharynx and the involved lymph nodes of the neck, and a moderate dose of radiation to uninvolved nodes and surrounding tissues. Radiotherapy technology included conventional radiotherapy (CRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Patients between 1991 and 2004 received CRT. Post 2004, IMRT became the standard strategy treatment. During the study period, chemotherapy guidelines for NPC were implemented as follows: no chemotherapy for patients with stage I to II disease, and concurrent chemoradiotherapy + neoadjuvant chemotherapy for stage III to IVa-c.

Follow up We retrospectively reviewed these medical records to collect the required data. All survivors returned to the hospital for follow-up examinations at least every 3 months for the first year, at least every 6 months in the 2nd year, and at least every one year thereafter until the latest follow-up. As part of our routine clinical practice, all patients underwent follow-up MRI examinations of the nasopharynx and neck at least every 6 to 12 months.

Evaluation Criterion Radioactive toxicity on organs was evaluated based on National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) version 3.0.