CKDu prevalence in eastern Uttar Pradesh

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: ot Yet Recruiting

Sex: Not specified

Target Recruitment: 0

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion of all known causes of CKD as per protocol (described)

Mandatory criteria: eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 by CKD-EPI formula + ultrasonography (USG) showing small shrunken kidneys and/or Renal biopsy done shows chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis with no immune deposits + No exclusion criteria (detailed below)

Exclusion Criteria

Stable patients attending Nephrology OPD and diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) as per the KDIGO criteria definition, are enrolled in the hospital CKD registry. Etiologic workup for cause of CKD would be done as per institutional protocol which is as follows (upon which patient will be excluded):

a.) Diabetic kidney disease: Diabetes mellitus identified using American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria for fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels or if the patient has been receiving hypoglycemic agents and has fundus findings of diabetic retinopathy alongwith proteinuric kidney disease (urinary protein excretion of > 1.5 g/day or dipstick value of ++ or more), or has renal biopsy findings of diabetic nephropathy, will be presumed to have diabetic kidney disease.

b.) Hypertensive nephrosclerosis: CKD will be attributed to hypertensive nephrosclerosis if the patient had documented systemic hypertension for >5 years before the diagnosis of CKD or with severe hypertension (requiring more than 2 antihypertensives or blood pressure >160/100 mm Hg) or fundus findings of chronic hypertensive retinopathy at any time in the absence of other causes of CKD.

c.) Chronic glomerulonephritis: Chronic glomerulonephritis will be diagnosed if kidney biopsy shows evidence of glomerulonephritis or if a patient with CKD had a history of long-standing edema and/or proteinuria > ++ or >1.5 g/day.

d.) Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis: The diagnosis of chronic tubulointerstitial disease will be made either on histology or based on a compatible history, the presence of vesicoureteral reflux, and/or recurrent urinary tract infection.

e.) Others: Obstructive uropathy, renal stone diease, and cystic disease will be diagnosed if there are confirmatory findings seen on imaging studies. The diagnosis of renovascular disease will be made from Doppler study or angiography. Kidney disease in association with specific â??syndromesâ?? will be diagnosed by characteristic clinical findings, family history, and laboratory abnormalities.

Study & Design

Study Type: Observational

Study Design: Not specified

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
To estimate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease of undetermined etiology (CKDu) among the patients visiting the hospital in a time period of 2 yearsTimepoint: Baseline (cross-sectional study)

Secondary Outcome Measures