Efficacy of the Triangle Operation on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Pancreatic Cancer

After laparotomy and exploration of the abdominal cavity to rule out peritoneal or hepatic metastases, the initial steps of the operation were to determine if there was true arterial tumor infiltration, along the Celiac Artery, Hepatic Artery or Superior Mesenteric Artery. To clarify this, an "arteryfirst" maneuver was performed. The strategy depended on the results of preoperative imaging defining the site of the most likely tumor infiltration. The SMA was approached from a left-sided infracolic approach if tumors of the body or tail of the pancreas were suspected to infiltrate the artery from this direction or from a posterior approach in respective situations. Once the arterial level of suspected attachment/encasement was reached, a frozen section was performed to confirm or exclude viable tumor tissue at this site. In case of remaining viable tumor, most patients will not qualify for further surgical therapy at this point. In contrast, if frozen section confirms fibrous tissue without viable tumor, this offers the possibility to perform a radical but artery-sparing procedure, All other surgical steps are carried out as usual during partial pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), distal (DP) or total pancreatectomy. Anatomic TRIANGLE bordered by the SMA, CA and PV confirming the complete removal of all soft tissue usually contained within these borders.