Theta Burst Stimulation for Alcohol Use Disorder

Although pharmacotherapy and behavioral treatments have been approved for AUD, their effects sizes are modest. Noninvasive neuromodulation like Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can offer an alternative treatment option for AUD. TMS is a method of noninvasive neuromodulation that utilizes a magnetic field to focal electrical current in the brain. When these electrical currents are focused on specific brain regions, pertinent to the neurobiology of AUD it leads to modulation of behavior and plausibly decrease in alcohol craving and use. Previous TMS studies have used heterogenous parameters, including frequencies ranging from 1 Hz to 20 Hz. Regions targeted by these studies encompassed ventromedial prefrontal cortex, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left dlPFC) and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Two studies used a TMS paradigm with greater efficiency than other routine TMS paradigms, called continuous theta burst stimulation. These studies delivered 3600 pulses of cTBS to the left frontal pole/ventromedial prefrontal cortex and showed significant reduction in alcohol cue reactivity and corroborative changes in both resting state and task based functional connectivity. Of these two studies, one was notable in comparing active cTBS (3600 pulses per session, one session every day for ten days over two weeks) versus sham cTBS. A deep TMS (dTMS) study that compared dTMS (15 sessions, five sessions every week for three weeks) to sham dTMS using an H7 coil (targeting medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices). This study showed decreased craving after treatment and percentage of heavy drinking days in the active versus sham control group. Active dTMS was associated with decreased resting-state functional connectivity of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex with the caudate nucleus and decreased connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex to the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. No study has done multiple sessions of cTBS in a single day. In addition, no study has previously delivered cTBS to the left dlPFC, to modulate alcohol craving and alcohol cue based attentional bias.