Examining Brain Responses Linked to Emotion in Individuals Who Smoke Cigarettes

Not Applicable

Completed

Conditions: Smoking, Tobacco

Interventions: Behavioral: Verbal smoking expectancy manipulation

Registration Number: NCT04310735

Lead Sponsor: Penn State University

Brief Summary: The study will use functional magnetic resonance imaging and facial coding methods to study individuals who smoke cigarettes. Smoking expectancy (the extent to which one perceives an opportunity to smoke a cigarette) will be manipulated using instructions, and the investigators will examine the effects of this manipulation on two primary endpoints under conditions designed to induce an urge to smoke: (1) brain responses measured using fMRI and (2) subjective affective responses measured using facial coding. Secondary endpoints include self-report measures of the desire to smoke and current affect.

Detailed Description: Not available

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 62

Inclusion Criteria

Participants must be between the ages of 21 and 55.
Participants must be right handed.
Participants must be fluent English speakers.
Participants must report smoking at least 6 cigarettes per day continuously for at least the 12 preceding months.
Participants must have a baseline expired air carbon monoxide (CO) exceeding a cutoff based upon prior research in order to verify smoking status.

Exclusion Criteria

Individuals will be excluded if they report that they are actively trying to quit smoking.
Individuals will be excluded if they report that they have had significant cardiovascular disease (such as heart disease, heart attack, stroke, or angina) or respiratory disease (such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, or COPD) during the past year.
Individuals will be excluded if they report that they have used any of the following illicit substances more than 10 times in the previous 30 days: marijuana, cocaine, opiates such as heroin, methadone, benzodiazepines (such as Valium, Xanax), barbiturates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, PCP, LSD or any other hallucinogen.
Individuals will be excluded if they report that they are currently taking prescription medications that previously have been found to affect blood flow responses in the brain.
Individuals will be excluded if they have any known risk from exposure to high-field strength magnetic fields (e.g., pace makers), any irremovable metallic foreign objects in their body (e.g., braces), or a questionable history of metallic fragments that are likely to create artifact on the MRI scans.
Individuals will be excluded if they meet criteria for current dependence on a substance other than nicotine based upon a brief structured interview.
Individuals will be excluded if they report that they are not willing to refrain from using alcohol and recreational drugs for 24 hours and nicotine for 12 hours before the experimental lab visit.
Individuals will be excluded if they currently use nicotine products other than cigarettes (e.g., chewing tobacco, snuff, e-cigarettes, or smoking cessation products).
Individuals will be excluded if they are claustrophobic or are prone to becoming very uncomfortable in confined spaces.
Individuals will be excluded if they report that they exclusively or primarily smoke "roll-your-own" cigarettes.

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Experimental: Expect-Yes	Verbal smoking expectancy manipulation	Participants assigned to this condition will undergo a verbal smoking expectancy manipulation such that they will perceive an opportunity to smoke during the experimental session.
Experimental: Expect-No	Verbal smoking expectancy manipulation	Participants assigned to this condition will undergo a verbal smoking expectancy manipulation such that they will not perceive an opportunity to smoke during the experimental session.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Brain Activation During Smoking-related and Neutral Cues	Approximately Day 7 (Visit 2)	Blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was analyzed as participants were presented with smoking-related and neutral cues. Following preprocessing with fMRIPrep (version 20.2.7), the FMRI Expert Analysis Tool (FEAT) from FMRIB's Software Library (FSL; version 6.0.7.4) was used to characterize brain activation differences in response to smoking-related versus neutral cues. Contrast of parameter estimate (COPE) values were calculated for each participant, and these COPE values were then extracted for two a priori regions of interest (ROIs) to compare activation patterns between the groups. Larger COPE values indicate greater differences in brain activation between smoking-related and neutral cues,
Coded Facial Expressions Linked to Affect During Smoking-related and Neutral Cues	Approximately Day 7 (Visit 2)	Subjective affective responses were measured by using FaceReader software (version 9.1.7) to code the valence (positive or negative) of facial movements associated with emotional expression during the presentation of smoking-related and neutral cues. Possible values for valence range from -1 to 1, with higher values indicating greater positive affect,

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Self-reported Urge to Smoke During Smoking-related and Neutral Cues	Approximately Day 7 (Visit 2)	Participants rated their urge to smoke during the presentation of smoking-related and neutral cues on a scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 9 (extremely), with higher scores indicating a stronger desire to smoke. For each type of cue (smoking-related and neutral), repeated ratings were obtained across multiple trials. To report a single value for each Arm/Group, the ratings were averaged across all trials for each cue type.
Self-reported Affect During Smoking-related and Neutral Cues	Approximately Day 7 (Visit 2)	Participants rated their current affect during the presentation of smoking-related and neutral cues on a scale ranging from 1 (very negative) to 9 (very positive), with higher scores indicating greater positive affect. For each type of cue (smoking-related and neutral), repeated ratings were obtained across multiple trials. To report a single value for each Arm/Group, the ratings were averaged across all trials for each cue type.
Nicotine Dependence	Day 1 (Visit 1)	Participants' level of nicotine dependence was assessed using the total score on the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence to help characterize the sample. Possible scores on the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence range from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater nicotine dependence.
Brain Activation During Positive and Negative Emotion Cues	Approximately Day 7 (Visit 2)	Blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was analyzed as participants were presented with cues designed to elicit positive and negative emotion. Following preprocessing with fMRIPrep (version 20.2.7), the FMRI Expert Analysis Tool (FEAT) from FMRIB's Software Library (FSL; version 6.0.7.4) was used to characterize brain activation in response to positive and negative emotion cues. Contrast of parameter estimate (COPE) values were calculated for each participant, and these COPE values were then extracted for two a priori regions of interest (ROIs) to compare activation patterns between the groups. Larger COPE values indicate greater differences in brain activation between positive and negative emotion cues.
Self-reported Affect During Positive and Negative Emotion Cues	Approximately Day 7 (Visit 2)	Participants rated their current affect during the presentation of cues designed to elicit positive and negative emotion on a scale ranging from 1 (very negative) to 9 (very positive), with higher scores indicating greater positive affect. For each type of cue (positive and negative emotion), repeated ratings were obtained across multiple trials. To report a single value for each Arm/Group, the ratings were averaged across all trials for each cue type.
Coded Facial Expressions Linked to Affect During Positive and Negative Emotion Cues	Approximately Day 7 (Visit 2)	Subjective affective responses were measured by using FaceReader software (version 9.1.7) to code the valence (positive or negative) of facial movements associated with emotional expression during the presentation of cues designed to elicit positive and negative emotion. Possible values for valence range from -1 to 1, with higher values indicating greater positive affect,
Self-reported Urge to Smoke During Positive and Negative Emotion Cues	Approximately Day 7 (Visit 2)	Participants rated their urge to smoke during the presentation of cues designed to elicit positive and negative emotions on a scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 9 (extremely), with higher scores indicating a stronger desire to smoke. For each type of cue (positive and negative emotion), repeated ratings were obtained across multiple trials. To report a single value for each Arm/Group, the ratings were averaged across all trials for each cue type.