Feasibility of Treatment Using Home Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Linked Application System in Patients With Heart Failure: A Multicenter Study

The prevalence of HF is generally estimated at 1% to 2% of the general population. The more concerning thing is that HF patients are rapidly increasing due to an increase of elderly population derived from life extension; an increase in the number of survivors of heart disease due to the development of medical technology; and an increase in risk factors for HF such as obesity, diabetes, and ischemic heart disease.

HF is known that a quarter of HF patients are readmitted within 1 year, and the mortality rate within 5 years is about 50%. HF is a chronic condition, punctuated by acute decompensated episodes. Each acute decompensated event results in further organ damage: myocardial and renal damage occurring during such episodes may contribute to progressive left ventricular and/or renal dysfunction. Increasing frequency of acute events with disease progression leads to higher rates of hospitalization and increased risk of mortality.

The main symptoms of HF are shortness of breath and swelling, which are the main reasons for visiting the emergency room and hospitalization. After discharge, body water monitoring and management of HF patients are very important to prevent HF aggravation and re-hospitalization.

There are several methods of body fluid monitoring in HF patients. Current guidelines of heart failure recommends monitoring of pulmonary artery pressures using a wireless implantable hemodynamic monitoring system in symptomatic HF patients with previous HF hospitalization. Multi-parameter monitoring based on ICD is also recommended in order to improve clinical outcomes in HF patients. However, existing HF monitoring and management systems have limitations of its invasiveness, expensive costs and a lot of medical providers' efforts. Other body water monitoring methods are signs and symptoms monitoring and body weight-based monitoring. However, signs such as weight gain and edema or symptoms like dyspnea due to worsening heart failure were not recognized until just 7 and 3 days before the hospitalization event.

BIA, Bioelectrical impedance analysis can be a novel option for body water monitoring method in HF patients. Nowadays, it is possible to obtain more accurate body water by reflecting both intracellular and extracellular water by using multiple frequencies, and it is possible to accurately measure body water even in patients with unusual body water conditions such as heart failure status. Moreover, the changes of Bioelectrical Impedance are detected about two weeks before heart failure hospitalization. It is the key benefit for congestion monitoring and management.