Nutritional Status of Critically Ill Diabetic Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Nutrition support in the Intensive Care Unit is very important since it has a significant impact on recovery from illness and overall outcome. Patients in the intensive care unit have a higher risk of malnutrition than patients undergoing general admission to hospitals . In critically ill patients, malnutrition may result in impaired immunological function, impaired ventilatory drive, and weakened respiratory muscles, leading to prolonged ventilatory dependence and increased infectious morbidity and mortality.

An appropriate nutritional support is indispensable to critically ill patients, who are almost at the hyper-metabolic state of their clinical condition such as trauma, sepsis, and major surgery. These critical conditions result in a disproportional release of cytokine and stress hormones that alter energy and protein metabolism and eventually lead to malnourishment.

A recent systematic review revealed the strikingly high prevalence of malnutrition in intensive care unit patients (ranged from 38% to 78%), which is associated with the patients' increased morbidity, mortality, and hospital-related cost.The increased dependency on mechanical ventilation, length of hospital stay, intensive care unit readmission, persistence of infection, and risk of hospital mortality associated with undernutrition, make it an important dilemma in the care of Intensive Care unit patients.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose.( and associated with serious complications, demand for multimodal treatment, and significant economic burden With the development of complications and hospital lengths of stay, life expectancy is worsened with diabetes, and nutritional status is generally correlated with these total outcomes.

In this research,investigators will evaluate the nutritional state in critically ill diabetic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and detect the impact of poor nutritional status on out comes regarding mortality, length of hospital stay , length of mechanical ventilation, and need for renal replacement therapy.