Community-Based Chronic Disease Care in Rural Lesotho

Recruiting

• Conditions: Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs)

• Registration Number: NCT05596773
• Lead Sponsor: University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland

Brief Summary

This ComBaCaL cohort study is to assess the impact of community-based, lay-led chronic disease screening and care interventions in rural Lesotho. It aims to establish a prospective research and service delivery platform in rural Lesotho that is managed by eHealth-supported Chronic Care Village Health Worker (CC-VHWs) providing regular chronic disease screening, monitoring and referral services. The implementation outcomes of the cohort as well as the effect of the cohort activities on disease-specific care cascades will be assessed. Subsequently, nested trials to assess the effectiveness of specific chronic disease control interventions will be developed. Measurements and data entry will be conducted by CC-VHWs. The CC-VHWs will be equipped with the essential tools required for chronic disease monitoring in the community (i.e. BP machines, scales, measuring band, glucometers, and urine dipsticks). They will undergo a theoretical and practical training covering all aspects required for correct data collection and chronic disease screening, diagnosing, referral and counselling services. At every visit, the CC-VHW will screen participants for warning signs and symptoms (i.e. shortness of breath, severe headache, chest pain, new-onset confusion, impaired consciousness, severely impaired general state of health) and refer participants to the closest health centre in case of any danger-sign. The CC-VHWs will be continuously monitored and supervised by health centre nurses of the respective village's catchment area, mainly through direct interaction during monthly VHW meetings and by CC nurses through field visits, remote interaction via phone calls or messages sent via the ComBaCaL app and through direct contact during the monthly VHW meetings at the health centre. The CC-VHWs are embedded within the Lesotho MoH VHW program and may during the project period be trained and equipped to provide further routine services in their communities.

Detailed Description

Globally, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death and disability with a particularly high burden in Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where more than 75% of all premature NCD deaths occur. Lesotho is a typical example of an African LMIC where NCDs are overtaking Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS and other infectious diseases as major cause of disability, morbidity and early death. HIV and NCDs are chronic diseases and share several characteristics such as the asymptomatic initial phase, progression to complications with disability and early death, and need for life-long treatment. The Ministry of Health (MoH) of Lesotho has therefore proposed in its NCD strategic plan that lessons learnt from the HIV program should be taken up to similarly reduce the existing access barriers to NCD care. Two scoping reviews have shown that the evidence on how and to what extent task shifting to lay workers can successfully be implemented for NCDs in sub-Sahara Africa is very limited. This open, prospective cohort study aims at generating evidence on community-based screening, diagnosis and management of uncomplicated arterial hypertension (aHT), Diabetes mellitus (DM) and other chronic diseases by lay Village health worker (VHWs) in a rural sub-Saharan African setting. It is to establish an observational cohort (ComBaCaL cohort) with regular monitoring of chronic disease indicators and risk factors in Butha-Buthe and Mokhothlong districts in Lesotho that will be managed by lay Chronic Care Village Health Workers (CC-VHWs), supported by a dedicated tablet-based eHealth application. The prevalence of common chronic diseases and associated risk factors in the cohort population and will be assessed and their development over time will be monitored. Initial focus will be on aHT, DM, cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRFs) and HIV. Other conditions may be included at a later stage. The effect of the ComBaCaL activities on condition- specific care cascade outcomes, such as screening coverage, disease awareness, linkage to care, engagement in care and disease control rates will be analyzed. Cohort variables will be assessed at baseline and pre-specified analyses to assess the effect of the ComBaCaL on chronic disease care cascades will be conducted at six months (range 150-240 days) and twelve months (range 300-480 days) after enrolment. Variables which may change over time will be reassessed during follow-up visits at intervals of around six months.

The ComBaCaL cohort will be a platform for nested pragmatic trials (Trials within a Cohort, TwiCs) assessing chronic disease care interventions.

Study Timeline

• Study First Submitted: 2022-10-12
• Study First Submitted QC: 2022-10-24
• Study First Posted: 2022-10-27
• Study Start: 2023-02-22
• Status Verified: 2025-04
• Last Update Submitted: 2025-04-01
• Last Update Posted: 2025-04-04
• Primary Completion: 2025-12
• Study Completion: 2025-12

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: RECRUITING
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 16000

Inclusion Criteria

Not provided

Exclusion Criteria

Not provided

Study & Design

• Study Type: OBSERVATIONAL
• Study Design: Not specified

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Screening coverage	At baseline	Screening coverage for aHT and (pre)DM, defined as the proportion of screening-eligible participants that have been screened for the respective disease within the previous 3 years
Disease awareness	At baseline	Disease awareness for aHT and (pre)DM, defined as the proportion of participants diagnosed with aHT or (pre)DM that are aware of their condition
Linkage to care	Up to 3 years after enrolment	Linkage to care for aHT and DM, defined as the number of participants with aHT or (pre)DM who (re)started drug treatment for their respective condition since enrolment
Engagement in care	Up to 3 years after enrolment	Engagement in care for aHT and DM, defined as the number of participants with aHT or (pre)DM who had a check-up measurement (BG or HbA1C for (pre)DM, BP for aHT) or drug refill within the last 180 days for their condition
Disease control level	Up to 3 years after enrolment	Disease control level for aHT and DM, defined as the number of participants with aHT or DM who are reaching disease-specific treatment targets (BP \<140/90 mmHg for aHT, fasting blood glucose (FBG) \< 7mmol/l and/or HbA1C \<7.0% for DM)
Occurrence of clinically relevant events (number)	Up to 3 years after enrolment	Occurrence of clinically relevant events (Clinical event of special interest (CESI), Serious clinical event (SCE), Serious clinical event of special interest (SCESI), as defined by the protocol

Trial Locations

Locations (2)

Solidarmed Lesotho; 🇱🇸 Maseru, Lesotho

Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; 🇨🇭 Basel, Switzerland