Long-Term Outcomes at Five Years Following Pain Neuroscience Education in Women With Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder: Observational Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder is a chronic pain condition that significantly affects physical, emotional, and sexual well-being. Women experiencing persistent pelvic pain frequently report difficulties related not only to pain intensity but also to sexual function, fear of movement or penetration, and reduced quality of life. Despite its high impact, conservative treatment approaches remain underutilized, and long-term management strategies are still being explored.

Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) has emerged over the last decade as a therapeutic approach aimed at helping patients understand the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying persistent pain. By reconceptualizing pain as a multifactorial and modifiable process rather than solely a marker of tissue damage, PNE seeks to reduce fear, maladaptive beliefs, and pain-related disability. Growing evidence supports its short- and medium-term effectiveness in various chronic pain populations.

Five years ago, a multi-centered randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of a structured Pain Neuroscience Education program in women diagnosed with Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder. The intervention was delivered through different educational modalities and demonstrated clinically relevant improvements following treatment.

However, evidence regarding the durability of these effects over extended periods remains limited. Long-term follow-up studies are essential to determine whether educational interventions targeting pain processing produce sustained changes in pain perception, functional outcomes, and overall well-being.

The present study is designed as a long-term observational follow-up of the original randomized controlled trial cohort. No new intervention will be administered. Instead, participants who were previously enrolled will be reassessed five years after completion of the initial intervention in order to evaluate the persistence of treatment-related changes over time.