Efficacy of Targeted Memory Reactivation for Enhancing Exposure Therapy

Not Applicable

Completed

• Conditions: Claustrophobia; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Arachnophobia
• Interventions: Other: No-Scent Control; Other: Experimental Scent; Other: Control Scent; Behavioral: In-Vivo Exposure

• Registration Number: NCT04663672
• Lead Sponsor: University of Texas at Austin

Brief Summary

This study evaluates whether a scent applied during exposure therapy and during subsequent sleep will increase the durability of treatment effects for individuals with fear of spiders, contamination, and enclosed spaces.

Detailed Description

Newly acquired memories encoded during wakefulness are spontaneously re-activated during sleep, resulting in synaptic potentiation and strengthening of the re-activated traces. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) typically involves a period of initial learning in the presence of an olfactory or auditory contextual cue, coupled with later presentation of the cue during sleep to ostensibly facilitate memory reactivation and consolidation. Numerous studies have found evidence of improved task performance subsequent to cue-induced neuronal replay, however application of TMR to treatment of naturally acquired, clinically significant fear has been limited.

The present study will will provide a rigorous test of TMR's efficacy as an augmentative strategy for exposure therapy. It is hypothesized that participants who sleep in the presence of the same odor that they are exposed to during exposure therapy will exhibit reduced fear at follow up, relative to participants who sleep in the presence of a different odor, or a non-odorous control.

Study Timeline

• Study Start: 2019-01-29
• Primary Completion: 2020-03-01
• Study Completion: 2020-03-01
• Status Verified: 2020-12
• Study First Submitted: 2020-12-04
• Study First Submitted QC: 2020-12-04
• Last Update Submitted: 2020-12-04
• Study First Posted: 2020-12-11
• Last Update Posted: 2020-12-11

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 158

Inclusion Criteria

• Marked anxiety in at least one fear domain (spiders, contamination, or enclosed spaces), as determined by the presence of both:

  1. self-reported peak anxiety of at least 50 on a 100 point scale in response to two behavioral approach tasks
  2. self-report measures meeting the following cutoffs for the target fear:

• Fear of Spiders Questionnaire ≥ 50

• Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (Washing Subscale) ≥ 4

• Claustrophobia Screener ≥ 2

Exclusion Criteria

• Diagnosed sleep disorder
• Current sleep medication usage
• Inability to differentiate two different odors from an indoor scent diffuser
• Current psychotherapy for fear of spiders, snakes, enclosed spaces, or contamination
• Current use of air fresheners, scented candles, or other items with odors related to those used in the study

Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Exposure Therapy + No-Scent Control During Sleep	No-Scent Control	Participants will undergo exposure treatment for their target fear while in the presence of a distinctive odor. Exposure will occur in repeated 4-minute trials. Exposure will continue for 40 minutes or until peak fear decreases by at least 35 points on a 100 point scale, compared to peak fear during the initial trial. Participants will subsequently sleep in the presence of an odorless control vehicle.
Exposure Therapy + Exposure Scent Cue During Sleep	Experimental Scent	Participants will undergo exposure treatment for their target fear while in the presence of a distinctive odor. Exposure will occur in repeated 4-minute trials. Exposure will continue for 40 minutes or until peak fear decreases by at least 35 points on a 100 point scale, compared to peak fear during the initial trial. Participants will subsequently sleep in the presence of the exposure scent.
Exposure Therapy + Exposure Scent Cue During Sleep	In-Vivo Exposure	Participants will undergo exposure treatment for their target fear while in the presence of a distinctive odor. Exposure will occur in repeated 4-minute trials. Exposure will continue for 40 minutes or until peak fear decreases by at least 35 points on a 100 point scale, compared to peak fear during the initial trial. Participants will subsequently sleep in the presence of the exposure scent.
Exposure Therapy + Novel Scent During Sleep	In-Vivo Exposure	Participants will undergo exposure treatment for their target fear while in the presence of a distinctive odor. Exposure will occur in repeated 4-minute trials. Exposure will continue for 40 minutes or until peak fear decreases by at least 35 points on a 100 point scale, compared to peak fear during the initial trial. Participants will subsequently sleep in the presence of a novel scent.
Exposure Therapy + Novel Scent During Sleep	Control Scent	Participants will undergo exposure treatment for their target fear while in the presence of a distinctive odor. Exposure will occur in repeated 4-minute trials. Exposure will continue for 40 minutes or until peak fear decreases by at least 35 points on a 100 point scale, compared to peak fear during the initial trial. Participants will subsequently sleep in the presence of a novel scent.
Exposure Therapy + No-Scent Control During Sleep	In-Vivo Exposure	Participants will undergo exposure treatment for their target fear while in the presence of a distinctive odor. Exposure will occur in repeated 4-minute trials. Exposure will continue for 40 minutes or until peak fear decreases by at least 35 points on a 100 point scale, compared to peak fear during the initial trial. Participants will subsequently sleep in the presence of an odorless control vehicle.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change in fear response during two behavioral approach tasks across time points	Baseline (Day 1); Post-treatment (Day 1; immediately after treatment); One Week Follow-Up (Day 8; one week after treatment); One Month Follow-Up (Day 31; one month after treatment)	Change in subjective units of distress (0 = no fear, to 100 = extreme fear) and skin conductance in response to approaching a feared stimulus, from baseline to one month follow-up

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change in arachnophobia symptom severity across time-points	Baseline (Day 1); One Week Follow-Up (Day 8; one week after treatment); One Month Follow-Up (Day 31; one month after treatment)	Change in total score on the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire from baseline to one month follow-up
Change in claustrophobia symptom severity across time points	Baseline (Day 1); One Week Follow-Up (Day 8; one week after treatment); One Month Follow-Up (Day 31; one month after treatment)	Change in total score on the Claustrophobia Questionnaire from baseline to one month follow-up
Change in contamination fear symptom severity across time points	Baseline (Day 1); One Week Follow-Up (Day 8; one week after treatment); One Month Follow-Up (Day 31; one month after treatment)	Change in total score on the contamination subscale of the Padua Inventory- Washington State University Revision from baseline to one month follow-up

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

Laboratory for the Study of Anxiety Disorders, University of Texas at Austin; 🇺🇸 Austin, Texas, United States