Mix and Match of the COVID-19 Vaccine for Safety and Immunogenicity
- Conditions
- COVID-19
- Interventions
- Other: 0, 112 day scheduleOther: 0, 28 day schedule
- Registration Number
- NCT04894435
- Lead Sponsor
- Canadian Immunization Research Network
- Brief Summary
The main goals of this study are to assess the immune response and safety of two different vaccines for first, second, third and fourth doses as well as for differing intervals between the first and second dose of two-dose vaccines.
- Detailed Description
For dose 1 and 2, the currently available mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 and Moderna mRNA-1273) are two dose vaccines which were studied in schedules of either 0 and 21 days or 0 and 28 days, respectively. The ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 (Astra-Zeneca) adenovirus-vectored vaccine is authorized to be given in two doses one month to 12 weeks apart. We will compare the interval 0, 28 days to a 0, 112 days (16 weeks) schedule, and assess the immunogenicity of both heterogeneous and heterologous second doses using the Canadian schedule.
For dose 3, the currently available mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 and Moderna mRNA-1273) and plant-based virus-like particle (Medicago Covifenz) are anticipated to be administered 6 months apart. We will assess the immunogenicity of both heterogeneous and heterologous third doses using the Canadian schedule.
For dose 4, the currently available mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 and Moderna mRNA-1273) and plant-based virus-like particle (Medicago Covifenz) are anticipated to be administered 3 months apart. We will assess the immunogenicity of both heterogeneous and heterologous third doses using the Canadian schedule.
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 669
- Participant is willing and able to give written informed consent to participate in the study
- Age 18 years of age or older in good health or with mild or moderate stable co-morbidities at the time of enrolment
- Able and willing to complete all the scheduled study procedures during the whole study follow-up period
- If female of child-bearing potential and heterosexually active, has practiced adequate contraception for 30 days prior to injection, has a negative pregnancy test on the day of injection, and has agreed to continue adequate contraception until 3 months after the final dose of study vaccine (Please refer to the definition section for a description of child-bearing potential and adequate contraception)
- MOSAIC-1 Vaccine-exposed subgroups: have received or are booked to receive the first dose of an authorized COVID-19 vaccine in the 55 days prior to Visit 1 (documentation of receipt required)
- MOSAIC -1 Vaccine naïve subgroups: have not received an authorized COVID-19 vaccine at any time
- MOSAIC-2 participants have received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines authorized in Canada ≥6 months prior to study vaccine administration (documentation of receipt required)
- MOSAIC-3 participants have received three doses of COVID-19 vaccines authorized in Canada ≥3 months prior to study vaccine administration (documentation of receipt required)
- Inability or unwillingness of participant or legally acceptable representative to give written informed consent
- Any confirmed or suspected immunosuppressive or immunodeficient state; asplenia, or immunosuppressant medication within the past 6 months except short term oral steroids (≤14 days duration) or topical steroids
- Current diagnosis or treatment for cancer (except basal cell carcinoma of the skin)
- Administration of immunoglobulins and/or any blood products within 3 months preceding the first dose of study vaccine and for one month after the last dose of study vaccine
- Allergy to any study vaccine or any active substance in a study vaccine
- Bleeding disorder or history of significant bleeding following IM injections or venipuncture
- Continuous use of anticoagulants
- A history of anaphylaxis to a previous vaccine
- Pregnancy or intent to become pregnant during the study or within 3 months of the last dose of study vaccine
- MOSAIC-1: History of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 disease prior to enrolment by participant report
- Administration of a live virus vaccine within 4 weeks prior to study vaccine receipt.
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- PARALLEL
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Group 7: Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna - 28 days apart 0, 28 day schedule Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine after 28 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 2: Moderna, Moderna - 112 days apart 0, 112 day schedule Participants will be blinded and receive two doses (0.20 mg/mL each) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine at 0.20 mg/mL via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle 112 days apart. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 3: Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech - 28 days apart 0, 28 day schedule Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine after 28 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 4: Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech - 112 days apart 0, 112 day schedule Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine after 112 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 7: Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna - 28 days apart mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine after 28 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 8: Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna - 112 days apart BNT162b2 Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine after 112 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 4: Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech - 112 days apart mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine after 112 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 7: Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna - 28 days apart BNT162b2 Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine after 28 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 9: Astra Zeneca, Moderna - 28 days apart 0, 28 day schedule Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.5 ml) of ChAdOx1-S \[recombinant\] vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine after 28 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 10: Astra Zeneca, Moderna - 112 days apart mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.5 ml) of ChAdOx1-S \[recombinant\] vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine after 112 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 8: Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna - 112 days apart 0, 112 day schedule Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine after 112 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 9: Astra Zeneca, Moderna - 28 days apart ChAdOx1-S [recombinant] Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.5 ml) of ChAdOx1-S \[recombinant\] vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine after 28 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 10: Astra Zeneca, Moderna - 112 days apart 0, 112 day schedule Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.5 ml) of ChAdOx1-S \[recombinant\] vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine after 112 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 1b BNT162b2 Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 5b mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Participants will be blinded and receive one half dose (0.25mL) of mRNA-1273 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 8b mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Participants will be blinded and receive one half dose (0.25mL) of mRNA-1273 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 12: Astra Zeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech - 112 days apart 0, 112 day schedule Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.5 ml) of ChAdOx1-S \[recombinant\] vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.3 mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine after 112 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 2b mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Participants will be blinded and receive one half dose (0.25mL) of mRNA-1273 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 2c Covifenz Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.5mL) of Covifenz vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 3c mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Participants will be blinded and receive one half dose (0.25mL) of mRNA-1273 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 4b BNT162b2 Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 7c Covifenz Participants will receive one dose (0.5mL) of Covifenz vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 1: Moderna, Moderna - 28 Days apart 0, 28 day schedule Participants will be blinded and receive two doses (0.20 mg/mL each) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle 28 days apart. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 3: Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech - 28 days apart mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine after 28 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 3: Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech - 28 days apart BNT162b2 Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine after 28 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 4: Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech - 112 days apart BNT162b2 Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine after 112 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 5: Pfizer/BioNTech, Pfizer/BioNTech - 28 days apart BNT162b2 Participants will be blinded and receive two doses (0.3mL each) of BNT162b2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle 28 days apart. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 5: Pfizer/BioNTech, Pfizer/BioNTech - 28 days apart 0, 28 day schedule Participants will be blinded and receive two doses (0.3mL each) of BNT162b2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle 28 days apart. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 6: Pfizer/BioNTech, Pfizer/BioNTech - 112 days apart 0, 112 day schedule Participants will be blinded and receive two doses (0.3mL each) of BNT162b2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle 112 days apart. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 8: Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna - 112 days apart mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine after 112 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 9: Astra Zeneca, Moderna - 28 days apart mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.5 ml) of ChAdOx1-S \[recombinant\] vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine after 28 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 10: Astra Zeneca, Moderna - 112 days apart ChAdOx1-S [recombinant] Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.5 ml) of ChAdOx1-S \[recombinant\] vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.20 mg/mL) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine after 112 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 11: Astra Zeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech - 28 days apart BNT162b2 Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.5 ml) of ChAdOx1-S \[recombinant\] vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.3 mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine after 28 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 11: Astra Zeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech - 28 days apart ChAdOx1-S [recombinant] Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.5 ml) of ChAdOx1-S \[recombinant\] vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.3 mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine after 28 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 11: Astra Zeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech - 28 days apart 0, 28 day schedule Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.5 ml) of ChAdOx1-S \[recombinant\] vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.3 mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine after 28 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 12: Astra Zeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech - 112 days apart BNT162b2 Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.5 ml) of ChAdOx1-S \[recombinant\] vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.3 mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine after 112 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 12: Astra Zeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech - 112 days apart ChAdOx1-S [recombinant] Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.5 ml) of ChAdOx1-S \[recombinant\] vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle followed by one dose (0.3 mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine after 112 days. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 3b mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Participants will be blinded and receive one half dose (0.25mL) of mRNA-1273 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 6b BNT162b2 Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 7b BNT162b2 Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 9b Covifenz Participants will receive one dose (0.5mL) of Covifenz vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 1c BNT162b2 Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 4c Covifenz Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.5mL) of Covifenz vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 5c mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Participants will be blinded and receive either one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 or one half dose (0.25mL) of mRNA-1273 via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 5c BNT162b2 Participants will be blinded and receive either one dose (0.3mL) of BNT162b2 or one half dose (0.25mL) of mRNA-1273 via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Group 6: Pfizer/BioNTech, Pfizer/BioNTech - 112 days apart BNT162b2 Participants will be blinded and receive two doses (0.3mL each) of BNT162b2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle 112 days apart. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 1: Moderna, Moderna - 28 Days apart mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Participants will be blinded and receive two doses (0.20 mg/mL each) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle 28 days apart. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 2: Moderna, Moderna - 112 days apart mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Participants will be blinded and receive two doses (0.20 mg/mL each) of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine at 0.20 mg/mL via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle 112 days apart. Vaccine-exposed participants will only be blinded to, and receive, the second injection. Group 6c Covifenz Participants will be blinded and receive one dose (0.5mL) of Covifenz vaccine via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle.
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 S protein after 3 doses Day 28 To determine if a vaccination schedule with a heterologous third dose of a COVID-19 vaccine induces a non-inferior serum immune response to SARS-CoV-2, compared to a third dose/booster with a homologous vaccine.
Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 S protein after 4 doses Day 28 To determine if a vaccination schedule with a heterologous fourth dose of a COVID-19 vaccine induces a non-inferior serum immune response to SARS-CoV-2, compared to a third dose/booster with a homologous vaccine.
Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 S protein after 2 doses Day 140 The co-primary outcome for the non-inferiority comparison of schedules in which the timing of the second dose of vaccine is different (0, 28 days v 0, 112 days) is the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 at day 140 (28 days after the last dose in the 0, 112 day schedule) based on anti-spike antibody titers.
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Durability of antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 S over 12 months after 2 doses Baseline and Days 28, 56, 112, 140, 365 Assess durability of immune responses in each study group over 12 months based on anti-spike antibody titers and pseudoneutralization assay.
Antibody to SARS-CoV-2 S and N, RBD after 3 doses Days 180 and 365 Assess durability of the immune responses in each study group over 12 months after the study vaccine.
Pseudoneutralization assay, T cell testing, Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity after 3 doses Day 365 Further characterize the immune response to COVID-19 vaccine in schedules with homologous and heterologous third doses to day 365
Acceptability of vaccines as determined by participant-completed questionnaire after 3 doses Days 28, 180 Four 5 point likert scale type questions asking whether they would want to receive the vaccine again, recommend it to a friend, whether they were anxious about receiving it, and whether they would prefer a more painful injection if it conferred better protection.
Incidence of grade 3 solicited local and systemic adverse events, SAEs, AEFIs, MAAEs, AESIs in the 7 days following vaccine receipt after 4 doses From time of first study injection through Day 365. Description of safety outcomes over 12 months post-vaccination including SAEs (serious adverse events), provincially reportable AEFIs (adverse events following immunization), MAAEs (medically attended adverse events), AESIs (adverse events of special interest).
Pseudoneutralization assay, T cell testing, Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), Antibody avidity, RNA seq after 2 doses Days 28, 56, 112, 140, 365 Characterization of the immune response to COVID-19 vaccines in schedules with 0, 28 days versus 0, 112 days dosing and heterologous schedules to day 365.
Incidence of grade 3 solicited local and systemic adverse events, SAEs, AEFIs, MAAEs, AESIs in the 7 days following vaccine receipt after 2 doses From time of first study injection through Day 365. Description of safety outcomes over 12 months post-vaccination including SAEs (serious adverse events), provincially reportable AEFIs (adverse events following immunization), MAAEs (medically attended adverse events), AESIs (adverse events of special interest).
Incidence of grade 3 solicited local and systemic adverse events, SAEs, AEFIs, MAAEs, AESIs in the 7 days following vaccine receipt after 3 doses From time of first study injection through Day 365. Description of safety outcomes over 12 months post-vaccination including SAEs (serious adverse events), provincially reportable AEFIs (adverse events following immunization), MAAEs (medically attended adverse events), AESIs (adverse events of special interest).
Acceptability of vaccines as determined by participant-completed questionnaire after 2 doses Days 56, 140, and 365 Four 5 point likert scale type questions asking whether they would want to receive the vaccine again, recommend it to a friend, whether they were anxious about receiving it, and whether they would prefer a more painful injection if it conferred better protection.
Acceptability of vaccines as determined by participant-completed questionnaire after 4 doses Days 28, 180 Four 5 point likert scale type questions asking whether they would want to receive the vaccine again(Yes, definitely; Yes, probably; I don't know; No, probably not; No, definitely not), recommend it to a friend(Yes, definitely; Yes, probably; I don't know; No, probably not; No, definitely not), whether they were anxious about receiving it(Not at all; A little; Moderately; Very; Extremely), and whether they would prefer a more painful injection if it conferred better protection(Vaccine A; Vaccine B; No preference; Unsure/don't know).
Antibody to SARS-CoV-2 S and N, RBD after 4 doses Days 180 and 365 Assess durability of the immune responses in each study group over 12 months after the study vaccine.
Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity after 4 doses Day 365 Further characterize the immune response to COVID-19 vaccine in schedules with homologous and heterologous third doses to day 365
Pseudoneutralization assay after 4 doses Day 365 Measuring the 50% Neutralization Titer to further characterize the immune response to COVID-19 vaccine in schedules with homologous and heterologous third doses to day 365
T cell testing after 4 doses Day 365 Measuring the number of T cells to further characterize the immune response to COVID-19 vaccine in schedules with homologous and heterologous third doses to day 365
Trial Locations
- Locations (8)
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa
🇨🇦Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba
🇨🇦Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Royal Inland Hospital
🇨🇦Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
CHU de Québec, Université Laval
🇨🇦Québec City, Quebec, Canada
Penticton Regional Hospital
🇨🇦Penticton, British Columbia, Canada
BC Children's Hospital Research Institute
🇨🇦Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
McGill University Health Centre Vaccine Study Centre
🇨🇦Montréal, Quebec, Canada
Canadian Center for Vaccinology
🇨🇦Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada