Prevalence of Central Sensitization Symptoms and Psychosocial Factors in Athletes After ACL Reconstruction and Return to Play
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 39
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Symptoms of Central Sensitization
研究概览
简要总结
The main research objective of this study is whether athletes who have sustained an anterior cruciate ligament injury, experience chronic nociplastic pain and psychosocial factors, including kinesiophobia and pain catastrophizing, after having been through ACL reconstruction surgery and rehabilitation and have returned to sport.
详细描述
This is an observational, cross-sectional study. For the purposes of the study a sample group was selected from a clinic specialised in ACL reconstruction and rehabilitation based in Athens, Greece. Patients of the specific clinic had received the same surgical technique and rehabilitation protocol. Ability to return to sport was examined 9 months after surgery and approval was given according to the rehabilitation progress. A list of eligible study subjects was formed and, after inclusion and exclusion criteria were screened for, they were invited to participate in the study. Study participants, after having declared consent and passed the criteria were asked to answer the study questionnaires. Communication with participants was done through telephone and email, and all questionnaires were completed online.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Observational
- 观察模型
- Cohort
- 时间视角
- Prospective
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 45 Years（Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •knowledge of Greek language,
- •surgically reconstructed ACL tear on one limb only,
- •successful completion of rehabilitation program,
- •medical permission to return to sport,
- •returned to previous sport for at least 6 months period
- •athlete of a lower limb loading sport.
排除标准
- •adolescent age (<18 years of age),
- •diagnosis of cancer of any stage,
- •diagnosis of psychiatric, neurological or autoimmune disease or syndrome,
- •past musculoskeletal injuries, including fractures, joints dislocation, ligament and tendon tears and
- •chronic musculoskeletal injuries (tendinopathies, shin splints, shoulder impingement etc.). Chronic pain is defined as pain persisting for at least 3 months, of intensity at least 3 on the VAS scale for most days per week (Kuppens et al. 2018).
结局指标
主要结局
Symptoms of Central Sensitization
时间窗: At least 9 months post-operative
The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) was used to assess symptoms of central sensitization. CSI was developed as a tool to evaluate somatic and emotional complaints associated with central sensitization syndrome. The CSI consists of 25 questions and can be divided in four sections that focus on physical symptoms, emotional distress, headache and jaw symptoms and urological symptoms (Mayer et al. 2012). Each question is answered on a 0-4 scale by choosing the intensity that best describes their symptoms or emotions. The individual answers are added to form a total score that can range from 0 to 100.
Pain intensity
时间窗: At least 9 months post-operative
The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) was used to assess pain intensity. NRS has been widely used to measure and assess pain levels in adults, including chronic pain patients (Hawker et al. 2011). The scale consists of a segmented numeric version of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) in which subjects choose a number (0-10) that best describes their pain intensity.
Pain Catastrophizing
时间窗: At least 9 months post-operative
Pain catastrophizing was assessed by the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). PCS was created in an effort to measure inability to cope with pain due to catastrophizing. The scale was developed on the construct that catastrophizing involves three subsequent dimensions, rumination, magnification and helplessness (Craner et al. 2016). It is a self-report questionnaire which includes 13 items about the above three dimensions of pain catastrophizing. Every item is answered on a Likert scale ranging from 0 to 4. A final total score will range between 0 and 52 points with minimal detectable change being 9 points.
Kinesiophobia
时间窗: At least 9 months post-operative
Kinesiophobia was assessed using the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK). TSK is a questionnaire which consists of 17 questions and is used to assess fear of movement and re injury. The questions are answered by choosing the statement that most accurately represents the subjects state, these answers vary from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree". The final score of the questionnaire will range from 17-68 and is made up by scoring each answer in a Likert scale (Lundberg et al. 2011).
Sense of unfairness
时间窗: At least 9 months post-operative
Sense of unfairness was examined by using the Inequality Experience Questionnaire (IEQ) which is a 12-item scale that asks participants to indicate the frequency with which they experience different thoughts concerning the sense of unfairness corelated to their injury on a five-point scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (all the time). The IEQ yields two factors that have been labeled severity/irreparability of loss and blame/unfairness. The IEQ has been shown to be internally reliable (Sullivan et al. 2008). The IEQ total score is measured by summing responses to all 12 items.
Illness Perception
时间窗: At least 9 months post-operative
Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ) was used to assess illness perception. The B-IPQ is a very commonly used tool to assess the subject's perception of their illness. In total it consists of 9 items which are scored on a 0-10 scale apart from the final item which is an open-ended question.
次要结局
- Knee functional level(At least 9 months post-operative)
- Willingness and ability to return to play(At least 9 months post-operative)
- Activity level(At least 9 months post-operative)
研究者
Eleni Kapreli
Professor
University of Thessaly