Scenario-Driven Virtual Reality Game for Dementia Education Among Healthcare Students: Protocol for a Four-Arm Study
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Enrolling By Invitation
- Sponsor
- Universitas Airlangga
- Enrollment
- 200
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Primary Outcome Measure: Attitudes Toward People with Dementia Scale
Study Overview
Brief Summary
•Terminology Clarification: In the previous study (NCT06629844), the term ' virtual reality (VR)' referred to a 360-degree video viewed through a VR headset. This format offered an immersive experience but was non-interactive. In contrast, the current study uses an 'ASA VR' intervention, which is a scenario-driven, interactive virtual reality simulation. Participants take part in role-playing with an artificial intelligence (AI) character representing a person living with dementia. This distinction is crucial for understanding the study design and results, as the cognitive and experiential demands of the two formats differ greatly.
•Brief Summary: This nested 2x2 factorial quasi-experimental design study focuses on Indonesian nursing students and aims to examine the effectiveness of scenario-driven virtual reality (VR) dementia educational programs. The study uses a four-arm design to evaluate different combinations of interventions.
The study addresses the following research questions:
What is the effect of a Scenario-Driven VR dementia education program on improving participants' attitude, knowledge, intention to help people living with dementia, ageist attitudes, and participant satisfaction with the Scenario-Driven VR dementia education program?
Participants will voluntarily join a 30-minute class education program, with each participant attending only once. The program, integrated into the faculty's dementia-related courses, will be structured around a series of components, including an introduction, Scenario-Driven VR, a post-program questionnaire, and a conclusion.
Detailed Description
•Detailed Description:
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Research Implementation
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ASA Program Overview ASA VR is a scenario-driven, interactive virtual reality (VR) learning experience designed to cultivate dementia-competent attitudes and behaviors among healthcare students. Unlike the passive 360° video used in the prior study, ASA requires learners to make decisions, engage in role-play with an AI character portraying a person living with dementia (PLWD), and receive immediate, context-specific feedback.
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Educational Concept and Design Rationale ASA operationalizes evidence-informed instructional principles: (1) problem-centered, authentic tasks with demonstration and guided practice; (2) anchored, scenario-based learning to encourage transfer; and (3) first-person immersive perspective-taking shown to strengthen empathy in healthcare education using VR. Together, these elements aim to move learners beyond recognition-level knowledge to a situated judgment and prosocial intention.
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Research Method This study is randomized with parallel assignment. study aims to evaluate scenario-driven VR dementia education programs among nursing students in Indonesia. The participants will be nursing students who are enrolled in specific semesters and courses designated for the implementation of this educational program. The study will be conducted with students in the sixth semester (third year). Participants in this study were drawn from the previous study (NCT06629844). The previous study was a quasi-experimental, two-arm design, consisting of an intervention group that received an education program using VR and a control group that attended conventional classes. In the previous study, we collected questionnaires at three time points: pre-questionnaire (T1), post-questionnaire (T2), and a follow-up questionnaire three months later (T3). In this study, we continue our research using the Scenario-Driven VR Dementia Education Program. We will conduct randomized with parallel assignment study with four arms. The intervention group from the previous study, who had prior VR experience, will be divided into two groups: one receiving the Scenario-Driven VR Dementia Education Program and one serving as a control group. Similarly, the control group from the previous study will also be divided into two groups: one receiving the Scenario-Driven VR Dementia Education Program and one serving as a control group. After finishing the Scenario-Driven VR Dementia Education Program, we will give a post-questionnaire (T4).
All prospective participants will be assigned new ID numbers to ensure the confidentiality of their student ID numbers. Each new ID will correspond to the participant's ID number from the previous study, with the addition of a code to classify them into four groups. This approach will allow us to link participant data in the current study with data from the previous study. The randomization will be perform using computer randomization. The protocol has been reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga. The Scenario-Driven VR dementia education program will not be integrated into a specific class, but will cover themes related to dementia care. Participants will be recruited through class announcements. An overview of the research process will be provided, and detailed instructions regarding the study will be given shortly before it begins. The research team will announce the study approximately one week in advance, and recruitment will be conducted via Google Forms. Students who register will be randomly assigned to four groups. Selected participants will receive their ID numbers along with details about the program's schedule and location through a class announcement three days prior to the intervention.
On the day of the intervention, participants will attend the designated location and sign an attendance sheet using their IDs. The Principal Investigator (PI) will explain the study's stages and emphasize that participants can withdraw at any time without any consequences. Participation in the study will be entirely voluntary, and there will be no coercion. Students who agree to participate in the study will provide informed consent. Those in the program will complete a questionnaire after the intervention. Regarding recruitment, eligible participants will be identified through the previous study's data. Students registered in the selected courses for the 2025/2026 academic year. All eligible students will receive comprehensive information about the study and an invitation to participate. Both the intervention and control groups will complete post-intervention questionnaires.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Parallel
- Primary Purpose
- Other
- Masking
- None
Eligibility Criteria
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- Yes
Inclusion Criteria
- •Registered nursing students at Universitas Airlangga in the designated semester and courses (academic year 2025/2026).
- •Provide informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria
- •Not enrolled in the specified semester/courses.
- •Prior participation in a scenario-driven VR dementia education program similar to ASA VR that could influence outcomes.
Arms & Interventions
VR-Experienced + ASA VR Group
This arm includes participants who have previously engaged with a VR-based dementia education program. For this study, they will receive the full intervention, which combines the ASA VR content.
Purpose: This group helps assess the incremental benefit of the ASA content when integrated with prior VR exposure, evaluating how additional structured content enhances existing VR learning.
Intervention: VR-Experienced + ASA VR Group (Other)
VR-Experienced + Standard Control Group
This arm consists of participants who have also previously engaged with a VR-based dementia education program. However, for this study, they will only receive the standard course material on dementia through the university's e-learning platform. They will not receive any ASA VR exposure.
Purpose: This group serves as a comparison to Arm 1, helping to isolate the specific impact of the ASA VR intervention for those with prior VR experience, by observing outcomes when no further structured intervention is provided beyond the regular curriculum.
Intervention: VR-Experienced + Standard Control Group (Other)
VR-Unexposed + ASA VR Group
This arm comprises participants who have no prior exposure to a VR-based dementia education program. For this study, they will receive the full intervention, combining the immersive ASA VR content.
Purpose: This group allows for a direct assessment of the overall effectiveness of the complete ASA VR program for students new to this type of intervention, comparing it against conventional learning for a previously unexposed group.
Intervention: VR-Unexposed + ASA VR Group (Other)
VR-Unexposed + Standard Control Group
This arm includes participants who have no prior exposure to a VR-based dementia education program. For this study, they will only receive the standard course material on dementia through the university's e-learning platform. They will not receive any ASA VR content.
Purpose: This group acts as a true control, representing the outcomes of conventional dementia education through the university's regular e-learning, for students who have not had any previous VR exposure.
Intervention: VR-Unexposed + Standard Control Group (Other)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Primary Outcome Measure: Attitudes Toward People with Dementia Scale
Time Frame: Immediately post-intervention (T4), on the same day, within 0-60 minutes after session end.
Participants' attitudes toward persons living with dementia (PLWD) will be assessed using the Attitudes Toward People with Dementia Scale, developed by Kim K and Kuroda K. (Kim K, Kuroda K. Factors related to attitudes toward people with dementia: Development of the Attitude Toward Dementia Scale and Dementia Knowledge Scale. Bulletin of Social Medicine. 2011; 28(1), 43-55). The original scale was published in Japanese, and a forward-backward translation process was conducted to produce the Indonesian version of the scale. The questionnaire consists of 14 items and is designed to evaluate participants' attitudes toward PLWD. The estimated time to complete the questionnaire is 3-5minutes.
Secondary Outcomes
- Knowledge of Dementia(Immediately post-intervention (T4), on the same day, within 0-60 minutes after session end.)
- Intention to Help Persons Living with Dementia(Immediately post-intervention (T4), on the same day, within 0-60 minutes after session end.)
- Ageist Attitudes Towards Older Adults(Immediately post-intervention (T4), on the same day, within 0-60 minutes after session end.)
- User Experience Questionnaire(Immediately post-intervention (T4), on the same day, within 0-60 minutes after session end.)
Investigators
Dianis Wulan Sari
Principal Investigator
Universitas Airlangga