The Effect of E-Booklet Traınıng Created Wıthın the Scope of Comfort Theory on Self-Effıcacy and Comfort Levels in Patıents Wıth Urınary Catheter: a Randomızed Controlled Study

Urinary catheterization is generally preferred for short-term care and treatment (Clarke et al., 2020; Cutinho et al., 2018). Urinary catheterization is critical in routine health care and can cause many complications such as urinary tract infection, epididymitis, catheter obstruction, trauma, pain, bladder spasm, and hematuria if not used appropriately.Darbyshire et al. (2016) found that 32% of patients experienced leakage, 26% experienced pain, 26% experienced discomfort and 24% experienced obstruction.In fact, it is estimated that 450,000 people in the UK undergo short-term urinary catheterization and complications related to urinary catheter use cause 2100 deaths annually (Feneley et al., 2015).

Although urinary tract infection due to catheterization is common, patients' failure to perform appropriate behaviors and practices related to catheterization causes the infection to progress and the treatment process to be prolonged.Urinary tract infections account for approximately 20% of healthcare-acquired infections in acute care facilities and more than 50% in long-term care facilities (Zegeye et al., 2023). In the United States, urinary tract infections account for 32% of all hospital-acquired infections and are the most common type of hospital-acquired infection, with approximately 449,000 cases of urinary tract infections and an estimated cost of $450 million per year (Abiodun, 2018). In cases where they are not inserted under appropriate conditions, care is not provided effectively and treatment protocols are not followed, they pave the way for the development of resistant microorganisms. Accordingly, urinary tract infection, which requires a long treatment process in patients, causes many negative consequences, including prolonged hospital stay, increased in-hospital mortality and increased health care costs (Anderson et al., 2021; Cutinho et al., 2018; Snyder et al., 2023).