Towards an Integrated Care System for the Assistance of Patients With Chronic Diseases, Multimorbidity, Frailty, and Polypharmacy

When admitted to the emergency department (ED), elderly non-autonomous patients show high risk of mortality, extended hospital stays and early readmission after discharge. The prompt identification of ED use risk factors in such population is hence urgently needed. Among these, cognitive impairment emerged as a key neurologic risk factor of ED use.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and cerebrovascular damage are the first cause of cognitive impairment in the general population. Several biomarkers have been proposed to distinguish different types of dementia during clinical practice. Considering AD, plasma phosphorylated tau 181 protein (ptau181) recently emerged as a biomarker which accurately predicts cerebrospinal ptau181 levels. Moreover, based on this evidence and on its minimally invasive nature, plasma ptau181 has been recently proposed as a biomarker to be employed during the AD diagnostic process, along with previously recommended procedures. Of note, plasma pTau181 levels are positively associated to confusional state risk in hospitalized patients. In parallel, cerebrovascular burden is commonly assessed in available neuroimages during the clinical characterization of cognitive impairments, and its severity has been associated to the severity of cognitive impairment. Within this context, no studies explored biomarkers of AD and vascular dementia as possible risk factors for ED use. Confirming such predictive value may result highly useful in stratifying the patients' risk of future adverse health outcomes during clinical practice.

Of note, non-autonomous elderly patients often suffer from multiple health problems. Such health problems concur to define patients' frailty, with higher frailty levels being associated with increased rates of adverse health outcomes, included ED use and mortality. Due to the multidimensional nature of frailty, several assessment methods have been developed. Specifically, recent literature proposed the use of multidimensional frailty indexes including relatively extended sets of variables available in public health databases. Among these, routinary assessed blood biomarkers and scales characterizing frailty from different clinical standpoints, e.g., nutritional status, autonomies of daily living, lower limb functionality, have been included. Demonstrating a relationship between biomarkers of cognitive impairment and ED use irrespective of patients' multidimensional frailty would highlight the importance of the neurological evaluation within the clinical assessment of non-autonomous elderly patients.

Within this context, the present study aims at investigating whether plasma ptau181 and cerebrovascular burden can predict ED use in non-autonomous elderly patients within a relatively short observational period, irrespective of multidimensional clinical frailty.