Effect of Smartphone Addiction on Manual Coordination, Strength and Hand Pain in Normal Teenage Students

Brief Summary

Detailed Description

Subjects: The survey targets the normal teenage students from both sexes. Sample size estimation will be carried out to determine the recruited number of students, selected randomly from both governmental and private preparatory and secondary schools at Ashmoon educational administration, Menofia Governorate to participate in this study. Study design: Cross sectional observational study. Sample design will be a cluster sample, A. Inclusion criteria: 1. The students' age will range from 12 to 18 years. 2. Normal students including both boys and girls. 3. Participants have a range score from 31 to 60 points for boys and from 33 to 60 points for girls on smartphone addiction scale according to Kwon et al (2013). 4. Their body mass index will be within the normal range according to WHO indices . 5. Cooperative students who wish to participate in the current study. 6. The students will represent different socioeconomic levels. B. Exclusion criteria: The students will be excluded from the study if they have one of the following: 1. Congenital abnormalities or medical conditions, which may affect the study. 2. Musculoskeletal problems such as previous or recent orthopedic surgery, fractures, prostheses, inflammation of the fingers, arms, or shoulder. 3. Visual or hearing defects. 4. Motor, behavioral, or neurologic disorders and learning disabilities. • Participants have a range score from 31 to 60 points for boys and from 33 to 60 points for girls on smartphone addiction scale, then participants will be divided into 2 levels of addiction. Assessment of manual dexterity and upper extremity coordination will be carried out by using The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2) (Bruininks and Bruininks, 2005). Hand grip strength and pinch strength will be assessed by hand dynamometer and pinch meter.

Primary Outcomes