The Effect of Yoga Practices on Pulmonary Function, Cardiovascular and Autonomic variables, Body Composition, Hydration Status and Cognitive Function in Healthy Young Swimmers.

Protocol

1. Title of the Project:

The Effect of Yoga Practices on Pulmonary Function, Cardiovascular and Autonomic variables, Body Composition, Hydration Status and Cognitive Function in Healthy Young Swimmers.

2. Type of Study: Basic Sciences

3. Aims & Objectives (hypotheses if applicable):

Aim: To assess the effects of yoga practices on pulmonary function, cardiovascular and autonomic variables, body composition, hydration status and cognitive function in healthy young swimmers.

Objectives:

â— To assess pulmonary function, cardiovascular and autonomic variables, body composition, hydration status and cognitive function in healthy young swimmers.

â— To compare the effects post- yoga intervention in healthy young swimmers.

4. Justification for study (whether of national significance with rationale):

A regular yoga practice has been associated with multiple positive aspects of physical, physiological and psychological outcomes. Significant changes in pulmonary function, cardiovascular and autonomic variables, body composition and cognitive function can be applied to improve attributes commonly linked to athletic performance, stress reduction, disease prevention, efficiency, longevity and improvement of physical and mental health of college students.

5. Departments involved:

â— Division of Yoga, CIMR, Manipal

â— Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal

6. Study period: October 2019 to March 2020

7. Sample size: 52 (n=52), Convenience sampling

Sample size is calculated using R software (PWR Package) with a small effect size of 0.4, significance level 0.05 and 80% power

8. Materials and methods:

1. Participant information sheet

2. Informed consent form

3. Data Collection Form

4. Powerlab 8/35 analyzed by Labchart 8 Pro software to measure Heart rate, Blood pressure, ECG and Autonomic function

5. Computerized spirometry - Easy on PC, version VO3b, using airflow transducer to measure Lung function

6. Stethography to measure Breath Holding Capacity

7. Body stat - 1500 model for assessing the BMI, fat%, fat mass, fat free mass (FFM) and total body water (TBW), using surface electrodes.

8. Letter Cancellation Tasks (LCT) and Digit cancellation tasks for the assessment of visuospatial function and attention

9. Trail making test (TMT) for visual attention and task switching

10. Visual word memory test and Object memory test to assess short-term memory and cognitive performance

a) Inclusion and exclusion criteria:

Inclusion Criteria:

â— Students between the age of 18 and 25 years, of both genders

â— Swim for 30 minutes at least 3 times per week.

â— Given written informed consent to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

â— Individuals regularly practicing Yoga.

â— Any known medical condition.

b) Biological materials required (type - blood, tissue etc and quantity): None

c) Statistical methods: Paired t-test

9. Detailed description of procedure / processes :

• Permission is obtained from the following authorities to sanction approval for the project:

-Head of Department, Division of Yoga

-Departmental Research Committee

-Institutional Research Committee

• Required documents are submitted to IEC for approval.

• Volunteers are approached and selected on the basis of convenience sampling.

• Selected participants are oriented about the purpose of the study and confidentiality of data.

• Participant information sheet and Informed consent form are given to the participant for

perusal and signing.

• Pre-test for pulmonary function, cardiovascular and autonomic variables, body composition,

and cognitive function will be conducted.

• Participants will undergo supervised Yoga intervention for 45 minutes per day, five days per

week.

Yoga Intervention:

a) Asana: Each posture is held for 5 regular breaths.

1. Swastikasana

2. Vajrasana

3. Suptavajrasana

4. Tadasana 1

5. Trikonasana

6. Parshvakonasana

7. Paschimottanasana 25 mins

8. Purvottanasana

9. Marichasana 1

10. Marichasana 3

11. Bhujangasana

12. Shalabhasana

13. Dhanurasana

b) Pranayama: 10 rounds of each breathing technique are practiced.

1. Anulomaviloma Pranayama

2. SuryabhedanaPranayama 10mins

3. Bhramari Pranayama

c) Relaxation

1. Makarasana

2. Shavasana1 10 mins

3. Shavasana 0

• After four weeks, post-test for pulmonary function, cardiovascular and autonomic variables, body composition, hydration status and cognitive function will be conducted.

• Collected data will be statistically analyzed using Paired t test and discussed.

10. Outcome measures: Pre- and Post- test values of:

â— Vital Capacity

â— Forced Expiratory Volume

â— Breath Holding Time

â— Heart rate response to during deep breathing: Sinus arrhythmia

â— Blood pressure response to Isometric hand-grip (IHG)

â— Heart rate and BP response to standing - Ortho static Test (OST)

â— BMI

â— Body fat percentage

â— Body fat mass

â— Fat free mass (FFM)

â— Total body water (TBW)

â— Letter Cancellation Tasks score

â— Digit cancellation tasks score

â— The Trail making test score

â— Visual word memory test score

â— Object memory test score

11. Potential risks and benefits:

This project poses minor increase over minimal risk to the participants. The participants will have to come twice to the Department of Physiology which may be inconvenient. Yoga intervention may have direct benefit to the participant by improving physical and psychological well-being and to the society for a better understanding of the effects of Yoga.

12. Ethical considerations and methods to address issues:

IEC clearance, Informed consent from participants.

Use of indirect identifier to ensure confidentiality.

13. Budget (give details) and proposed funding source:

10,000, Institutional funds for PG Thesis

14. Review of literature (within 1000 words) :

Yoga is a science, which deals with the body and mind; control of body and mind

(Digambarji, 1975). Yoga for swimmers : a new approach to improve balance, alignment & breathing. Yoga practices are recognized as a major part of the training regimen of

swimmers. This yoga training offers lots of benefits for swimmers, which extremely helps in

boosting their performance. Yoga is also capable of enhancing one’s breathing pattern, which

obviously plays an important role in the life of a swimmer. It also helps developing one’s

balance, which makes one glide in the water in a smooth and effortless manner. Yoga is also

good in making all parts of one’s body flexible. Thus, stretching for swimmers is vital in

extending one’s arms, shoulder blades, legs and feet easier than before. (Murugesan, T 2012).

The positive health outcomes of a consistent yoga practice that have been observed include enhanced physical performance and well-being, decrease in blood pressure, a decrease blood lipid values, a decrease in body mass index, as well as an improvement in pulmonary function. From a performance standpoint, yoga has been reported to enhance muscle torque,

increase in handgrip strength, decrease low back pain,delay the onset of muscle soreness

following strenuous activity,increase flexibility and balance as well as improved

cardiovascular performance.The impact of yoga has also been linked to improvements in

mental health. Such positive influences include reductions in anxiety, depression reduction,

enhanced the state of relaxation, and enhanced motivation.

15. References:

Ross A, Thomas S. The health benefits of yoga and exercise: A review of comparison studies.

J Altern Complement Med 2010;16:3-12.

Wolff M, Sundquist K, Larsson Lönn S, Midlöv P. Impact of yoga on blood pressure and

quality of life patients with hypertension – A controlled trial in primary care, matched for

systolic blood pressure. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2013;13:111.

McDermott KA, Rao MR, Nagarathna R, Murphy EJ, Burke A, Nagendra RH, et al. Ayoga

intervention for type 2 diabetes risk reduction: A pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC

Complement Altern Med 2014;14:212.

Pal A, Srivastava N, Tiwari S, Verma NS, Narain VS, Agrawal GG, et al. Effect of yogic

practices on lipid profile and body fat composition in patients of coronary artery disease.

Complement Ther Med 2011;19:122-7.

Parikh HN, Patel HM, Pathak NR, Chandwani S. Effect of yoga practices on respiratory

parameters in healthy young adults. Natl J Integr Res Med 2014;3:37-41.

Yadav RK, Das S. Effect of yogic practice on pulmonary functions in young females. Indian

J Physiol Pharmacol 2001;45:493-6.

Buśko K, Rychlik R. Changes of the maximal muscle torque in women training power yoga

(astanga vinyasa). Hum Mov 2006;2:168-77.

Reddy TP. Effect of yoga training on handgrip, respiratory pressures and pulmonary function.

Br J Sports Med 2010;44:i68.

Tilbrook HE, Cox H, Hewitt CE, Kang'ombe AR, Chuang LH, Jayakody S, et al. Yoga for chronic low back pain: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2011;155:569-78.

Boyle CA, Sayers SP, Jensen BE, Headley SA, Manos TM. The effects of yoga training and a single bout of yoga on delayed onset muscle soreness in the lower extremity. J Strength Cond

Res 2004;18:723-9.

Boehde D, Porcari J, Greany J, Udermann B, Johanson D, Foster C. The physiological effects

of 8 weeks of yoga training. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2005;5:290.

Bera TK, Rajapurkar MV. Body composition, cardiovascular endurance and anaerobic power

of yogic practitioner. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1993;37:225-8.

Subramanya P, Telles S. Effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on memory scores

and state anxiety. Biopsychosoc Med 2009;3:8.

Woolery A, Myers H, Sternlieb B, Zeltzer L. A yoga intervention for young adults with

elevated symptoms of depression. Altern Ther Health Med 2004;10:60-3.

Kulmatycki L, Bukowska K. Differences in experiencing relaxation by sport coaches in

relation to sport type and gender. Hum Mov 2007;8:2, 98-103.

Donohue B, Miller A, Beisecker M, Houser D, Valdez R, Tiller S, et al. Effects of brief yoga

exercises and motivational preparatory interventions in distance runners: Results of a

controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2006;40:60-3

Influence of pranayama on breath holding capacity and reaction time of junior state level elite

swimmers; Tusharkanti Bera, Kanchan Chourasia, Sanjay Uddhav Shete, Anita Vermayoga

mimamsa Year : 2017 Volume : 49

Yogic breathing practices improve lung functions of competitive young swimmers; Chirag

Sunil Hakked, Ragavendrasamy Balakrishnan*, Manjunath Nandi Krishnamurthy ; Journal of

Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

Effect of yoga and swimming on cognitive function in healthy adults: A randomized

controlled trial Shilpa S Gupta1, Manish V Sawane2 ; February 16, 2018

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323362107

A comparative study of the effects of yoga & swimming on pulmonary functions in sedentary

subjects.Shilpa S Gupta1, Manish V Sawane2

Akhtar P, Yardi S, Akhtar M. Effects of yoga on functional capacity and well-being. Int J

Yoga 2013;6:76-9.