Efficacy of CES in New Mothers During the Post Partum Period

Not Applicable

Terminated

Conditions: Anxiety
Sleep Quality
Insomnia
Depression

Interventions: Device: Alpha-Stim AID CES (Active Comparator)
Device: Alpha-Stim AID CES (Sham Comparator)

Registration Number: NCT03210155

Lead Sponsor: Christina Murphey, RN, PhD

Brief Summary: The birth of a child is a major life event that can be filled with excitement, anticipation and joy. However, the transition and adaptation to new demands, roles, responsibilities, and changes in relationships can be stressful, especially for new mothers. In addition, new mothers typically encounter physiological changes and struggle with concerns about weight gain, body image, sexuality, and other physical difficulties such as fatigue. These problems may generate or exacerbate stress, lead to an actual or perceived crisis and psychological distress.

Psychological distress, defined as anxiety, depression, and insomnia, in this study, often increases during the postpartum period and can negatively affect maternal mental health status, maternal and family relationships, and infant-child health. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) on anxiety, insomnia, depression, and maternal functioning in first time new mothers following childbirth.

Detailed Description: The birth of a child is a major life event that can be filled with excitement, anticipation and joy. However, the transition and adaptation to new demands, roles, responsibilities, and changes in relationships can be stressful, especially for first-time mothers. In addition, new mothers typically encounter physiological changes and struggle with concerns about weight gain, body image, sexuality, and other physical difficulties such as fatigue. These problems may generate or exacerbate stress, lead to an actual or perceived crisis and psychological distress.

Psychological distress, defined as depression, anxiety and insomnia, in this study, often increases during the postpartum period and can negatively affect maternal mental health status, maternal and family functioning, and infant-child outcomes. These conditions commonly present as co-morbidities, but are often unrecognized in clinical practice or under-treated as co-morbidities in new mothers. This unrecognized cluster of co-morbidities may lead to psychological distress and subsequently poor outcomes for mothers, their infants and children.

Current treatment recommendations for depression, anxiety and insomnia are primarily pharmaceutical or psychotherapy, both of which have limitations related to cost, time involved and ineffectiveness for some women. Consequently, there is a need to examine other treatment approaches including complementary modalities, such as cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES), particularly in light of current evidence that shows the efficacy of early detection, intervention and treatment for pregnant and postpartum women.

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effect of CES on anxiety in new mothers following childbirth. The secondary objectives are to: (1) determine the effects of CES on depression and insomnia; (2) explore the effect of CES on maternal functioning in new mothers following childbirth, and (3) to examine if items 1 \& 2 on the 14 item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A14) perform well as a screening test for anxiety. Please see the enclosed Instrument Description document for detailed information related to this scale.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: TERMINATED

Sex: Female

Target Recruitment: 1

Inclusion Criteria

Participant must have a total score of ≥ 16 on the HAM-A14 and ≥2 on both Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A14) item 1 (anxious mood) and item 2 (tension) at screening and baseline to be considered for inclusion into the study.
Participant is a primiparous new mother, 18-45 years inclusive, who had an uncomplicated vaginal or cesarean birth, gave birth to a healthy baby and both mother and baby are healthy at enrollment and randomization in the study.
Sexually active female participants of childbearing potential must be self-report practicing, at least, one or more the following methods of contraception during the study: intrauterine device (IUD), barrier method in combination with a spermicide, oral/hormonal contraception or abstinence. Female participants of childbearing potential must have a negative urine pregnancy test before receiving study treatment.
Written informed consent must be obtained from the participant before study participation.
Participant is in good medical health.
No current abuse of alcohol or other substance.
Capable of giving informed consent.
Capable of doing active or sham CES treatments and completing all study requirements independently
For compliance, participants need to have completed 85% (36) of treatments to continue participation in the study

Exclusion Criteria

Participant had serious complications during or after a vaginal or cesarean delivery.
Participant had multiple births.
Participant meets Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-V criteria for a mental disorder diagnosis (i.e., schizophrenia, mood disorder, psychosis, anorexia nervosa) as determined by medical history and/or self-report.
Participant is clinically judged by the investigator to be at risk for suicide or is acutely suicidal. Participant has attempted suicide one or more times within the past twelve months.
Participant has a Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A14) score above 30 which suggests a very severe clinical level of anxiety symptoms.
Participant has a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D17) score above 30 which suggests a very severe clinical level of depressive symptoms.
Participant has a psychiatric condition that would require inpatient or partial psychiatric hospitalization.
Participant has a significant history of medical disease (i.e. cardiovascular, hepatic (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis B or C) renal, gynecological, musculoskeletal, neurological (seizures), gastrointestinal, metabolic, hematological, endocrine, cancer with a metastatic potential or progressive neurological disorders) which could impair reliable participation in the trial or necessitate the use of medication not allowed by this protocol.
Participant is pregnant, planning to become pregnant. If a participant becomes pregnant, she will be dropped from the study immediately and followed appropriately.
Participant has had concomitant therapy with another investigational drug, or participation in an investigational drug study within one month before entering this study.
Participant has a history of poor compliance or in the investigator's judgment any participant who is not compliant with the requirements of the study.
Participant has had previous trial of CES.

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Active Comparator	Alpha-Stim AID CES (Active Comparator)	About the size of a smart phone, the Alpha-Stim® AID CES device delivers a mild electrical current (100-500 µA) to the brain via ear clips electrodes. The active intervention is one daily 60 minutes Alpha-Stim® CES treatment using ear clip electrodes for 6 weeks at 0.5 Hz. 50% duty cycle with a fixed current of 100 µA (subsensory level).
Sham Comparator	Alpha-Stim AID CES (Sham Comparator)	The Alpha-Stim® AID CES sham device is identical in appearance to the active device but is inactive and does not emit electrical current to the brain via ear clip electrodes. The sham intervention is one daily 60 minutes Alpha-Stim® CES treatment using ear clip electrodes for 6 weeks.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale Scores Over Time	T1 (Baseline); T2 (3 weeks); T3 (6 Weeks)	Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A14): The HAM-A probes 14 parameters. Each item is scored on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0=not present to 4=severe and combined to compute a total score. Higher total scores suggest worse outcomes Total score: 14-17 = Mild Anxiety Total score: 18-24 = Moderate Anxiety Total score: 25-30 = Severe Anxiety

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Insomnia Severity Index Scores Over Time	T1 (baseline); T2 (3 weeks); T3 (6 weeks)	The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI7) Items include: the severity of sleep onset and maintenance (middle and early morning awakening) difficulties, satisfaction with current sleep pattern, interference with daily functioning, appearance of impairment attributed to the sleep problem, and the degree of concern caused by insomnia Total score categories: 0 - 7 = No clinically significant insomnia 8 - 14 = Sub threshold insomnia 15 - 21 = Clinical insomnia (moderate severity) 22 - 28 = Clinical insomnia (severe) Higher scores indicate worse outcomes
Barkin Index of Maternal Functioning Scores Over Time	T1 (baseline); T2 (3 weeks); T3 (6 weeks)	Barkin Index of Maternal Functioning (BIMF20) The Barkin Index of Maternal Functioning (BIMF) is a 20-item self-report measure that was designed to assess overall functioning in the context of new motherhood. After reverse-coding for items 16 and 18, the BIMF is scored by simply summing all 20 items. Total score ranges from 0 to 120 Higher scores represent better outcomes
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Scores Over Time	T1 (Baseline); T2 (3 weeks); T3 (6 Weeks)	Hamilton Depression Rating Scale17 (HAM-D17) Although the HAM-D form lists 21 items, the scoring is based on the first 17. Eight items are scored on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 = not present to 4 = severe and combined to compute a total score. Nine items are scored from 0-2. Higher total scores suggest worse outcomes. Total score: 0-7 = Normal Total score: 8-13 = Mild Depression Total score: 14-18 = Moderate Depression Total score: 19-22 = Severe Depression Total score: ≥ 23 = Very Severe Depression 8-13 = Mild Depression 14-18 = Moderate Depression 19-22 = Severe Depression ≥ 23 = Very Severe Depression Higher total scores suggests worse outcomes
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale Scores Over Time	T1 (Baseline); T2 (3 weeks); T3 (6 weeks)	Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI19) A 19-item scale that measures sleep quality during the previous month and discriminates between good and poor sleepers The PSQI19 is a 19-item scale that measures sleep quality during the previous month and discriminates between good and poor sleepers 0 = no difficulty 3 = indicates severe difficulty Seven component scores are then added to yield one "global" score, with a range of 0 = 21 points 0 = indicating no difficulty to 21 = indicating severe difficulties in all areas.