EXPRESSION OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR IN LIP AND ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

Oral SCC is a type of cancer that develops from the oral epithelium and accounts for more than 90% of all oral malignancies, with a death rate of more than 140,000 cases globally (Sung et al., 2021). It is an invading neoplasm of epithelial origin with various stages of differentiation of squamous cells having a tendency for early and widespread metastatic spread to lymph nodes. It primarily affects individuals in their fifth to sixth decades of life who drink or smoke (Alkhadar et al., 2021).

The diagnosis of OSCC requires a combined approach of clinical evaluation, radiological imaging, along with histopathological evaluation. The gold standard for diagnosing OSCC is an incisional/excisional biopsy. Histopathologically, OSCC is characterized by the existence of neoplastic epithelial cells that are invading the underlying connective tissue. The differentiation degree of neoplastic cells determines the histological grade of OSCC, which is an important prognostic factor (Alkhadar et al., 2021).

Treatment of OSCC, depending on the current stage of the condition, can be surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or even a combined approach comprising all these options. Early-stage OSCC can often be cured with surgery or radiotherapy, whereas advanced-stage OSCC has been associated with a worse prognosis (Alkhadar et al., 2021).

In conclusion, OSCC is a significant global health issue with an elevated mortality and morbidity in patients with head and neck cancer(Alkadhar et al ., 2021) .Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial in improving the prognosis of OSCC. Oral pathologists and clinicians ought to be mindful of the risk factors, clinical characteristics, and screening requirements for OSCC to ensure timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment for the patients. Targeted therapy has evolved recently as an important treatment modality for cancer, and the most extensively studied pathways for targeted therapy are those related to EGFR.

In the era of personalized medicine, it has been largely accepted that cancer therapy protocols should be devised in light of tumor characteristics of loco-regional population. Previous studies has revealed that the immunohistochemical overexpression of EGFR correlates with poor prognosis (Pandey et al., 2018). EGFR overexpression is considered an attractive target for anti-EGFR therapy in various tumors. In targeted therapy, entire focus will be on EGFR. This protein has been discovered in 90% of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Overexpression of EGFR has unfavorable clinical outcome, poor prognosis and low survival rates in OSCC(Abdulhussain, 2022). To make the diagnosis, clinical correlation with histopathological investigations should be prioritized (Shakya et al., 2021). There is a strong rationale supporting EGFR-targeting in OSCC. HNSCC is often treated with anti-EGFR antibodies.