A Comprehensive Monograph on Sucrose (DB02772): Physicochemical Properties, Metabolism, and Applications in Medicine and Pharmacology

Section 1: Compound Identification and Physicochemical Properties

Sucrose, a small molecule identified by DrugBank Accession Number DB02772 and CAS Registry Number 57-50-1, is one of the most well-known organic compounds in biology and commerce.[1] While universally recognized as table sugar, its roles extend far beyond simple nutrition, encompassing specific therapeutic applications and critical functions in advanced pharmaceutical manufacturing. This section provides a detailed characterization of its chemical identity and physicochemical properties, which form the basis for its behavior in biological and pharmaceutical systems.

1.1 Nomenclature and Chemical Structure

The compound is most commonly known by its generic name, Sucrose. However, it is referenced by a wide array of synonyms that reflect its natural sources and chemical nature. These include Saccharose, Sacarosa, Sacharose, cane sugar, and beet sugar.[1] In pharmaceutical and commercial contexts, it may also be referred to as confectioner's sugar, granulated sugar, or rock candy.[2]

From a chemical standpoint, sucrose is a disaccharide, meaning it is composed of two simpler monosaccharide units: glucose and fructose.[2] Specifically, it is formed from a molecule of α-D-glucopyranose and a molecule of β-D-fructofuranose.[5] The systematic IUPAC name precisely defines its stereochemistry and linkage: (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol.[2]