Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorp...
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
Universidad Nacional; Maternal and Child Institute, Bogota, Colombia
West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Jin-Tae Kim, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine,Renji Hospital, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
McKay-Dee Hospital, Ogden, Utah, United States
Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical Collage Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Wuhan, China
Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
MAUPAIN, Quincy-sous-Sénart, France
Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
CHRISTUS, Corpus Christi, Texas, United States
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