Sodium Chloride 0.9 % w/v and Glucose 5 % w/v Intravenous Infusion BP

Solution for infusion; Clear, colourless aqueous solution | | | | --- | --- | | Energy: Theoretical osmolarity: Acidity (titration to pH 7.4): pH: | 835 kJ/l ≙ 200 kcal/l 586 mOsm/l < 0.5 mmol/l 3.5 – 5.5 |

4.1 Therapeutic indications • Fluid and electrolyte substitution in hypochloraemic alkalosis • Chloride losses • Hypotonic dehydration • Isotonic dehydration • Partial coverage of energy requirements • Vehicle solution for compatible electrolyte concentrates and medicaments4.2 Posology and method of administration **Posology** *Adults* The dose is adjusted according to the individual requirements of fluid, electrolyte and energy. thus the patient`s age, weight, clinical and biological (acid-base balance) conditions and concomitant therapy should be taken into account. **Maximum daily dose:** 40 ml/kg body weight (BW) per day, corresponding to 2 g glucose/kg BW per day and 6 mmol of sodium /kg BW per day **Maximum infusion rate:** 5 ml/kg BW per hour, corresponding to 0.25 g glucose/kg BW per hour. Partial coverage of energy requirements, i. e. substitution of the obligatory daily glucose requirements, is only possible with the maximum dose stated above. *Padiatric patients* The dose is adjusted according to the individual requirements of fluid, electrolytes and energy. Thus the patients age, weight, clinical and biological (acid-base balance) conditions and concomitant therapy should be taken into account. When administering this solution the total daily fluid and glucose requirements should be taken into account. *Elderly patients* Basically the same dosage as for adults applies, but caution should be exercised in patients suffering from further diseases like cardiac insufficiency or renal insufficiency that may frequently be associated with advanced age. *Other special patient groups* If the oxidative metabolism of glucose is impaired (e.g. in the early post-operative or post-traumatic period or in the presence of hypoxia or organ failure), the dosage should be adjusted to keep the blood glucose level close to normal values. Close monitoring of blood glucose levels is recommended in order to prevent hyperglycaemia. See also section 4.4. **Method of administration** Intravenous use Hypertonic solutions should be administered in a large peripheral or central vein to diminish the risk of causing irritaion. This container contains a significant volume of air. To avoid risk of air embolism, this product must not be administered by pressure infusion.4.3 Contraindications Sodium Chloride 0.9 % w/v and Glucose 5 % w/v Intravenous Infusion BP must not be used in cases of • hyperhydration • hypertonic dehydration • untreated hypokalaemia • metabolic acidosis • persistent hyperglycaemia not responding to insulin doses of up to 6 units/hour • pulmonary or brain oedema • decompensated cardiac insufficiency4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use Sodium Chloride 0.9 % w/v and Glucose 5 % w/v Intravenous Infusion BP should only be administered with caution in cases of • hypernatraemia • hyperchloraemia • disorders where restriction of sodium intake is indicated, such as cardiac insufficiency, generalized oedema, pulmonary oedema, hypertension, eclampsia, severe renal insufficiency In patients with acute ischaemic stroke and hyperglycaemia the glucose level should be corrected before application of this solution. In diabetic patients, the amount of infused glucose has to be taken into account and insulin requirements may be modified. To prevent development of the osmotic demyelination syndrome in patients with chronic hyponatraemia the rate of administration should be sufficiently low, so that the serum sodium will not increase faster than by 0.35 - 0.5 mmol/h corresponding to 8 - 12 mmol/l/d. **Please note:** If this solution is used as vehicle solution the safety information of the additive provided by the respective manufacturer have to be taken into account. Clinical monitoring should include checks of the serum electrolytes (especially potassium), glucose level, the acid-base and water balance. In post-operative and post-traumatic conditions, and in conditions of impaired glucose tolerance: only administer with monitoring of blood glucose level. The solution should not be administered through the same infusion equipment simultaneously, before or after an administration of blood because of the possibility of pseudo-agglutination. In case of an adverse reaction, infusion must be stopped immediately.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction Corticosteroids Corticosteroids are associated with the retention of sodium and fluid4.6 Pregnancy and lactation *Pregnancy* There is a limited amount of data from the use of this Sodium Chloride 0.9 % w/v and Glucose 5 % w/v Intravenous Infusion BP in pregnant women. Animal studies relating to glucose and sodium chloride do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy***,*** embryonal/foetal development, parturition or postnatal development (see section 5.3). Therefore caution should be exercised when prescribing to pregnant women, especially in the presence of eclampsia (see section 4.4). Careful monitoring of blood glucose is necessary. *Lactation* It is unknown wether Sodium Chloride 0.9 % w/v and Glucose 5 % w/v Intravenous Infusion BP or metabolites are excreted into breast-milk. As all active ingredients are present in human body, no negative effects are anticipated if used during lactation. Therefore, the solution can be used as indicated. *Fertility* Not relevant4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines Sodium Chloride 0.9 % w/v and Glucose 5 % w/v Intravenous Infusion BP has no influence on the ability to drive and use machines.4.8 Undesirable effects Adverse reactions may be associated to the technique of administration including febrile response, infection at the site of injection, local pain or reaction, vein irritation, venous thrombosis or phlebitis. Adverse reactions may be associated with the medications added to the solution; the nature of the additive will determine the likelihood of any other undesirable effects. **Reporting of suspected adverse reactions** Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.4.9 Overdose *Symptoms* Overdose may result in hyperhydration, with increased skin tension, venous congestion, oedema - possibly also lung or brain oedema -, dilution of serum electrolytes,electrolyte imbalances, notably hypernatraemia, hyperchloraemia (see section 4.8) and hypokalaemia, acid-base imbalances, hyperglycaemia, and hyperosmolarity of the serum (up to hyperglycaemic-hyperosmolar coma). *Treatment* Dependent on the severity of the disorders immediate stop of infusion, administration of diuretics with continuous monitoring of serum electrolytes, correction of electrolyte and acid-base imbalances, administration of insulin if necessary. In severe cases of overdose dialysis may be necessary.

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties *Pharmacotherapeutic group* Solutions affecting the electrolyte balance ATC code: B05B B02 (Electrolytes with carbohydrates) *Mechanism of action* The solution contains equimolar proportions of sodium and chloride corresponding to the physiological concentration in the plasma. In addition this solution also contains 5% (w/v) of carbohydrate in the form of glucose. Sodium is the primary cation of the extracellular space and together with various anions, regulates the size of this. Sodium and potassium are the major mediators of bioelectric processes within the body. *Therapeutic effect* The sodium content and the liquid metabolism of the body are closely coupled to each other. Each deviation of the plasma sodium concentration from the physiological one simultaneously affects the fluid status of the body. An increase in the sodium content of the body results also means reduction of the body's free water content independent of the serum osmolality. Glucose is metabolized ubiquitously as the natural substrate of the cells of the body. Under physiological conditions glucose is the most important energy-supplying carbohydrate with a caloric value of ca. 16 kJ or 3.75 kcal/g. nervous tissue, erythrocytes and medulla of the kidneys are amongst the tissues with an obligate requirement for glucose. In adults, the concentration of glucose in the blood is 60 – 100 mg/100 ml, or 3.3 – 5.6 mmol/l (fasting). One the one hand, glucose serves for the synthesis of glycogen as the storage form of carbohydrates and, on the other hand, it is subject to glycolysis to pyruvate and lactate for energy production in the cells. Glucose also serves to maintain the blood sugar level and for the synthesis of important body components. It is primarily insulin, glucagon, glucocorticoids and catecholamines that are involved in the regulation of the blood sugar concentration. A normal electrolyte and acid-base status is a prerequisite for the optimal utilization of administered glucose. So an acidosis, in particular, can indicate impairment of the oxidative glucose metabolism.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties *Absorption* As the solution is administered by intravenous infusion the bioavailability of the solution is 100%. *Distribution* The total sodium content of the body is ca. 80 mmol/kg of which ca. 97 % is extracellular and ca. 3 % intracellular. The daily turnover is ca. 100 - 180 mmol (corresponding to 1.5 - 2.5 mmol/kg body weight). On infusion glucose is first distributed in the intravascular space and then is taken up into the intracellular space. *Biotransformation* The kidneys are the major regulator of the sodium and water balances. In co-operation with the hormonal control mechanisms (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, antidiuretic hormone) and the hypothetical natriuretic hormone they are primarily responsible for keeping the volume of the extracellular space constant and regulating its fluid composition. In glycolysis glucose is metabolized to pyruvate or to lactate. Lactate can be partially re-introduced into the glucose metabolism (Cori cycle). Under aerobic conditions pyruvate is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. *Elimination* Chloride is exchanged for hydrogen carbonate in the tubule system and is, thus, involved in the regulation of the acid base balance. The final products of the complete oxidation of glucose are eliminated via the lungs (carbon dioxide) and the kidneys (water).Practically no glucose is excreted renally by healthy persons. In pathological metabolic conditions (e.g. diabetes mellitus, postaggression metabolism) associated with hyperglycaemia (blood glucose concentrations of more than 120 mg/100 ml or 6.7 mmol/l), glucose is also excreted via the kidneys (glucosuria) when the maximum tubular resorption capacity (180 mg/100 ml or 10 mmol/l) is exceeded.5.3 Preclinical safety data Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity and toxicity to reproduction. Since the components of Sodium Chloride 0.9 % w/v and Glucose 5 % w/v Intravenous Infusion BP are physiologically present in human body, no harmful effects are to be expected with respect to genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential.

6.1 List of excipients Water for injections6.2 Incompatibilities In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.6.3 Shelf life *Unopened* Polyethylene bottle: 3 years *After first opening :* Not applicable. See also section 6.6. *Shelf life after admixture of additives* From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would normally not be longer than 24 hours at 2 to 8°C, unless dilution has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.6.4 Special precautions for storage This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions6.5 Nature and contents of container ● Polyethylene (LDPE) bottles, contents: 500 ml, 1000 ml | | | | --- | --- | | available in packs of | 1 x 500 ml, 10 x 500 ml 1 x 1000 ml, 10 x 1000 ml | Not all pack-sizes may be marketed.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements. The containers are for single use only. After use - discard container and any remaining contents. Do not reconnect partially used containers. In case of an adverse reaction, infusion must be stopped immediately. Only to be used if the solution is clear and colourless and the container and its closure are undamaged.