Overview
Glucose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) generated during phosynthesis involving water, carbon and sunlight in plants. It is produced in humans via hepatic gluconeogenesis and breakdown of polymeric glucose forms (glycogenolysis). It circulates in human circulation as blood glucose and acts as an essential energy source for many organisms through aerobic or anaerobic respiration and fermentation. It is primarily stored as starch in plants and glycogen in animals to be used in various metabolic processes in the cellular level. Its aldohexose stereoisomer, dextrose or D-glucose, is the most commonly occurring isomer of glucose in nature. L-glucose is a synthesized enantiomer that is used as a low-calorie sweetener and laxative. The unspecified form of glucose is commonly supplied as an injection for nutritional supplementation or metabolic disorders where glucose levels are improperly regulated. Glucose is listed on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Indication
Glucose pharmaceutical formulations (oral tablets, injections) are indicated for caloric supply and carbohydrate supplementation in case of nutrient deprivation. It is also used in metabolic disorders such as hypoglycemia.
Associated Conditions
- Arrhythmia
- Caloric Deficit
- Edema of the cerebrum
- Hypoglycemia
- Metabolic Alkalosis
Research Report
A Comprehensive Monograph on Glucose (Dextrose) as a Therapeutic Agent (DrugBank ID: DB09341)
I. Introduction: The Fundamental Role and Medical History of Glucose
[A. Overview of Glucose: From Universal Fuel to Essential Medicine]
Glucose, a simple sugar with the chemical formula $C_6H_{12}O_6$, is the most abundant monosaccharide in nature and serves as the primary source of energy for the vast majority of living organisms.[1] Its biological significance is rooted in its central role in cellular metabolism. In plants and most algae, glucose is generated through photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight.[1] In humans, it is produced endogenously through hepatic gluconeogenesis and mobilized from storage via the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis).[1] Circulating in the bloodstream as "blood glucose," it provides the essential fuel for cellular respiration, powering a myriad of physiological processes.[4]
Beyond its fundamental biological role, glucose is a cornerstone of modern medical therapy. It is identified in pharmaceutical contexts by multiple DrugBank identifiers, including DB09341 for its unspecified form (commonly known as dextrose) and DB01914 for the specific D-glucose isomer.[5] In recognition of its critical importance in healthcare, glucose, formulated as an intravenous sugar solution, is included on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, both as a standalone agent and in combination with sodium chloride.[1] This designation underscores its indispensable status for treating life-threatening conditions and providing nutritional support in health systems worldwide.
[B. Historical Milestones: Discovery, Characterization, and Therapeutic Application]
Clinical Trials
Title | Posted | Study ID | Phase | Status | Sponsor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2025/06/11 | Not Applicable | Recruiting | |||
2025/05/02 | Phase 1 | Not yet recruiting | |||
2025/02/19 | Not Applicable | Completed | |||
2024/12/10 | Phase 4 | Not yet recruiting | |||
2024/09/24 | Early Phase 1 | Recruiting | State University of New York - Upstate Medical University | ||
2024/09/19 | Phase 4 | Recruiting | Chengdu Qingshan Likang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd | ||
2024/09/13 | N/A | Active, not recruiting | |||
2024/08/09 | Phase 1 | Recruiting | |||
2024/08/02 | Not Applicable | Not yet recruiting | Foisor Orthopedics Clinical Hospital | ||
2024/07/26 | Not Applicable | Recruiting | Karaman Training and Research Hospital |
FDA Drug Approvals
Approved Product | Manufacturer | NDC Code | Route | Strength | Effective Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HF Acquisition Co LLC, DBA HealthFirst | 51662-1306 | INTRAVENOUS | 5 g in 100 mL | 2/27/2020 | |
| Baxter Healthcare Corporation | 0338-0085 | INTRAVENOUS | 5 g in 100 mL | 8/22/2019 | |
| Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC | 65219-153 | INTRAVENOUS | 50 g in 1000 mL | 3/2/2017 | |
| Baxter Healthcare Corporation | 0338-0184 | INTRAVENOUS | 14 g in 100 mL | 4/13/2021 | |
| Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC | 65219-236 | INTRAVENOUS | 5000 mg in 100 mL | 2/24/2022 | |
| International Medication Systems, Limited | 76329-3301 | PARENTERAL | 500 mg in 1 mL | 11/18/2016 | |
| Baxter Healthcare Corporation | 0338-0062 | INTRAVENOUS | 5 g in 100 mL | 3/6/2019 | |
| Baxter Healthcare Company | 0338-0210 | INTRAVENOUS | 10 g in 100 mL | 9/21/2020 | |
| Baxter Healthcare Corporation | 0338-0210 | INTRAVENOUS | 10 g in 100 mL | 9/21/2020 | |
| ICU Medical Inc. | 0990-7925 | INTRAVENOUS | 5 g in 100 mL | 10/18/2021 |
EMA Drug Approvals
Approved Product | Authorization Holder | Status | Issued Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| No EMA approvals found for this drug. | |||
HSA Drug Approvals
Approved Product | Manufacturer | Approval Number | Dosage Form | Strength | Approval Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Potassium Chloride 0.22% in Dextrose 5% and Sodium Chloride 0.45% Injection USP | SIN13888P | INFUSION, SOLUTION | 50g/1000ml | 11/12/2010 | |
| DEXTROSE 5% IN SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% FOR INTRAVENOUS INFUSION | SIN10235P | INJECTION | 5 g/100 ml | 10/10/1998 | |
| Potassium Chloride 0.30% in Dextrose 5% and Sodium Chloride 0.45% Injection USP | SIN13889P | INFUSION, SOLUTION | 50g/1000ml | 11/12/2010 | |
| GLUCOSE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION BP 10% | SIN06307P | INJECTION | 11 g/100 ml | 7/2/1991 | |
| Potassium Chloride 0.15% w/v and Glucose 5% w/v Intravenous Infusion BP | SIN13396P | INFUSION, SOLUTION | 50.0g/1000ml | 1/18/2008 | |
| GLUCOSE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION BP 20% | SIN06428P | INJECTION | 22 g/100 ml | 7/8/1991 | |
| DEXTROSE 5% IN WATER FOR INTRAVENOUS INFUSION | SIN10501P | INJECTION | 5 g/100 ml | 12/3/1998 | |
| DEXORIDE 500 INFUSION | SIN09641P | INJECTION | 5.0% w/v | 2/18/1998 | |
| DEXAQUA INFUSION 5% w/v | SIN09645P | INJECTION | 5% w/v | 2/18/1998 | |
| GLUCOSE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION BP 50% | SIN09480P | INJECTION | 55 g/100 ml | 8/19/1997 |
NMPA Drug Approvals
Approved Product | Company | Approval Number | Drug Type | Dosage Form | Approval Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No NMPA approvals found for this drug. | |||||
PPB Drug Approvals
Approved Product | Registration No. | Company | Licence No. | Strength | Registration Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45%W/V AND GLUCOSE 2.5%W/V SOLUTION FOR INTRAVENOUS INFUSION | N/A | N/A | N/A | 3/17/2015 | |
| WIDA D5 DEXTROSE 5% INF | N/A | otsuka pharmaceutical (h.k.) limited | N/A | N/A | 9/14/2009 |
| PLASMA-LYTE 148 AND GLUCOSE 5% W/V SOLUTION FOR INFUSION | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8/23/2024 | |
| PLASMA-LYTE 56 ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION IN 5% W/V GLUCOSE IV INFUSION | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1/5/2018 | |
| BALANCE 4.25% GLU. 1.25MMOL/L CAL. P.D. SOLUTION (JAPAN) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 7/12/2005 | |
| SMOFKABIVEN EMULSION FOR INFUSION | N/A | N/A | N/A | 5/26/2011 | |
| GLUCOSE SOLUTION FOR INTRAVENOUS INFUSION 5% W/V | N/A | N/A | N/A | 5/12/2015 | |
| POT CL 20MEQ IN 5% DEXTROSE/0.45%NACL INJ | N/A | N/A | N/A | 12/13/1994 | |
| PHYSIONEAL 40 DEXTROSE 1.5% P.D. SOLUTION | N/A | N/A | N/A | 10/10/2005 | |
| CAPD/DPCA 18 PERITONEAL DIALYSIS SOLUTION | N/A | N/A | N/A | 5/13/2010 |
TGA Drug Approvals
Approved Product | ARTG ID | Sponsor | Registration Type | Status | Registration Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SYNTHAMIN 17 Amino acid 10% with Electrolytes and Glucose 25% 1000mL injection AHB6350 | 19609 | Medicine | A | 9/30/1991 | |
| B Braun 5% Glucose Intravenous Infusion BP 100 mL Bottle | 98318 | Medicine | A | 11/4/2004 | |
| HYDRAlyte Ready to Use Orange Flavoured Electrolyte Solution | 90732 | Medicine | A | 8/26/2002 | |
| SLEEP SAFE BALANCE 1.5% glucose 1.75 mmol/L calcium peritoneal dialysis solution bag | 92935 | Medicine | A | 6/20/2003 | |
| SMOFKABIVEN amino acids 5.1% / lipids 3.8% / glucose 12.7% / electrolytes 0.7% emulsion for intravenous infusion bag 1970 mL | 180546 | Medicine | A | 1/9/2012 | |
| OLICLINOMEL N4-550 E 1000 mL IV emulsion for infusion with electrolytes bag | 136599 | Medicine | A | 9/4/2007 | |
| OLICLINOMEL N4-550 E 2500 mL IV emulsion for infusion with electrolytes bag | 141396 | Medicine | A | 9/4/2007 | |
| OLIMEL N5-860E Emulsion for intravenous infusion | 197417 | Medicine | A | 8/9/2013 | |
| Hydralyte Orange Electrolyte Powder (Tub) | 292256 | Medicine | A | 7/31/2017 | |
| Hydralyte Orange Electrolyte Ice Blocks | 229731 | Medicine | A | 10/24/2014 |
Health Canada Drug Approvals
Approved Product | Company | DIN | Dosage Form | Strength | Market Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACID CONCENTRATE RZ119C | genpharm ulc | N/A | Liquid - Haemodialysis | 99 G / L | 12/31/1995 |
| 4.25% TRAVASOL AMINO ACID INJECTION WITH ELECTROLYTES IN 10% DEXTROSE | baxter corporation clintec nutrition division | N/A | Solution - Intravenous | 10 G / 100 ML | 12/31/1996 |
| 4.25% TRAVASOL AMINO ACID INJECTION WITHOUT ELECTRLYTES IN 10% DEXTROSE | baxter corporation clintec nutrition division | N/A | Solution - Intravenous | 10 G / 100 ML | 12/31/1996 |
| ACID CONCENTRATE RO4137 | genpharm ulc | N/A | Liquid - Haemodialysis | 40.51 G / L | 12/31/1995 |
| LMD 10% IN DEXTROSE 5% | 00224235 | Solution - Intravenous | 5 % | 12/31/1968 | |
| SELECTBAG ONE (AX 450 G) | Vantive ULC | 02415488 | Solution - Haemodialysis | 220 G / L | 4/21/2017 |
| 5% DEXTROSE AND 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE | ICU Medical Canada Inc | 00038903 | Solution - Intravenous | 50 MG / ML | 12/31/1951 |
| PRISMASOL 2 | Vantive ULC | 02277441 | Solution - Intravenous
,
Haemodialysis | 22 G / L | 2/21/2006 |
| ACID CONCENTRATE RZ254C | genpharm ulc | 02178389 | Liquid - Haemodialysis | 74.25 G / L | 12/31/1995 |
| POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 40 MEQ IN 5% DEXTROSE AND 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE | ICU Medical Canada Inc | 00603244 | Solution - Intravenous | 5 G / 100 ML | 12/31/1983 |
CIMA AEMPS Drug Approvals
Approved Product | Company | Registration Number | Pharmaceutical Form | Prescription Type | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLUCOSALINO HIPERTONICO TECSOLPAR SOLUCION PARA PERFUSION | Tecsolpar S.A. | 67290 | SOLUCIÓN PARA PERFUSIÓN | Medicamento Sujeto A Prescripción Médica | Commercialized |
| GLUCOSA 5% MEIN SOLUCION PARA PERFUSION | Fresenius Kabi España, S.A.U. | 41662 | SOLUCIÓN PARA PERFUSIÓN | Medicamento Sujeto A Prescripción Médica | Commercialized |
| KABIPAC GLUCOSALINO SOLUCION PARA PERFUSION | Fresenius Kabi España, S.A.U. | 32728 | SOLUCIÓN PARA PERFUSIÓN | Medicamento Sujeto A Prescripción Médica | Commercialized |
| POTASIO GRIFOLS 0,04 mEq/ml EN GLUCOSA 5% SOLUCIÓN PARA PERFUSIÓN | Laboratorios Grifols S.A. | 60787 | SOLUCIÓN PARA PERFUSIÓN | Uso Hospitalario | Commercialized |
| GLUCOSA B.BRAUN 10% SOLUCION PARA PERFUSION | B Braun Medical S.A. | 40928 | SOLUCIÓN PARA PERFUSIÓN | Medicamento Sujeto A Prescripción Médica | Not Commercialized |
| GLUCOSALINA MEIN SOLUCION PARA PERFUSION | Fresenius Kabi España, S.A.U. | 43845 | SOLUCIÓN PARA PERFUSIÓN | Medicamento Sujeto A Prescripción Médica | Commercialized |
| SUERORAL CASEN POLVO PARA SOLUCION ORAL | Casen Recordati S.L. | 55838 | POLVO PARA SOLUCIÓN ORAL | Sin Receta | Commercialized |
| DEXTROSA FRESENIUS KABI 50% SOLUCION PARA PERFUSION | Fresenius Kabi España, S.A.U. | 57864 | SOLUCIÓN PARA PERFUSIÓN | Medicamento Sujeto A Prescripción Médica | Commercialized |
| POTASIO GRIFOLS 0,02 mEq/ml EN GLUCOSA 5% SOLUCIÓN PARA PERFUSIÓN | Laboratorios Grifols S.A. | 60785 | SOLUCIÓN PARA PERFUSIÓN | Uso Hospitalario | Commercialized |
| SUERO GLUCOSALINO VITULIA 3,6 %/0,3 % SOLUCIÓN PARA PERFUSIÓN | Laboratorios Ern S.A. | 27523 | SOLUCIÓN PARA PERFUSIÓN | Medicamento Sujeto A Prescripción Médica | Commercialized |
Philippines FDA Drug Approvals
Approved Product | Company | License Number | Dosage Form | Strength | Approval Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Philippines FDA approvals found for this drug. | |||||
Saudi SFDA Drug Approvals
Approved Product | Company | License Number | Dosage Form | Strength | Approval Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Saudi SFDA approvals found for this drug. | |||||
Malaysia NPRA Drug Approvals
Approved Product | Company | Registration Number | Dosage Form | Strength | Approval Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Malaysia NPRA approvals found for this drug. | |||||
UK EMC Drug Information
Medicine Name | MA Holder | MA Number | Pharmaceutical Form | Active Ingredient | Authorization Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No UK EMC drug information found for this drug. | |||||
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