A Comprehensive Monograph on Glycerin (Glycerol): Pharmacology, Clinical Applications, and Safety Profile

1.0 Introduction and Chemical Identity

1.1 Overview of Glycerin as a Polyol Compound

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a simple polyol compound that holds a position of fundamental importance in both biological systems and industrial processes. Structurally, it is a trihydroxy sugar alcohol, or triol, and serves as a critical intermediate in the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids.[1] It is a naturally occurring substance, forming the structural backbone of all lipids known as glycerides.[2] In its pure form, glycerin is a clear, colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid characterized by a distinctly sweet taste.[2] These unique physicochemical properties, particularly its strong affinity for water, have led to its ubiquitous use across a vast spectrum of applications. It is a cornerstone ingredient in pharmaceutical formulations, a staple in the cosmetics and personal care industries, a versatile additive in food manufacturing, and a valuable component in numerous industrial applications.[3] Its versatility is such that it can function as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, a pharmaceutical excipient, a food additive, and an industrial chemical, making a comprehensive understanding of its properties and actions essential for a wide range of scientific and clinical disciplines.

1.2 Nomenclature and Identification