The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) has delivered a landmark ruling establishing clear jurisdictional boundaries between patent law and competition law, determining that the Competition Commission of India (CCI) cannot investigate disputes involving the exercise of patent rights on pharmaceutical products.
Tribunal Affirms Patent Law Supremacy
A coram comprising Judicial Member Justice Yogesh Khanna and Technical Member Ajai Das Mehrotra dismissed an appeal filed by hospital administrator Swapan Dey against a CCI order that had closed his complaint concerning Swiss pharmaceutical company Vifor International's patented drug pricing practices.
"It is apparent that the CCI lacks the power to examine the allegations made against Vifor International (AG). The Patent Act will prevail over the Competition Act in the facts of this case, as the subject matter of contention is FCM, which was developed and patented by Respondent No. 2," the tribunal ruled.
Case Background and Allegations
The dispute originated from a 2022 CCI decision that found no evidence of anti-competitive behavior by Vifor International. Dey, who manages a hospital providing free dialysis services under a government health program, had alleged that Vifor's patented drug Ferric Carboxymaltose (FCM), used to treat iron deficiency anemia in dialysis patients, was being sold at unreasonably high prices, making it unaffordable for patients.
The complainant also claimed that Vifor's licensing arrangements with Indian manufacturers Emcure Pharmaceuticals and Lupin Ltd restricted competition and limited market supply, allegedly violating Sections 3 and 4 of the Competition Act, 2002.
Company's Defense and Patent Status
Vifor International, the Switzerland-based pharmaceutical firm, maintained that it had lawfully patented the FCM molecule in 2008. The company argued that the CCI had no jurisdiction to question acts protected under the Patents Act, citing Section 3(5) of the Competition Act, which permits patent holders to impose reasonable conditions necessary for protecting their rights.
Significantly, the FCM patent expired in October 2023, allowing other manufacturers to produce the drug freely thereafter and effectively eliminating the basis for competition law concerns.
CCI's Initial Assessment
The CCI had examined the licensing terms between Vifor and its Indian partners and found no evidence of collusion or abuse. The Commission noted that Vifor's licensing agreements were of short duration and that the company had not restricted its licensees from competing in the market, leading to the dismissal of the case under Section 26(2) of the Competition Act.
Legal Precedent and Supreme Court Backing
The NCLAT's decision relied heavily on established precedents from the Delhi High Court and Supreme Court, which held that the Patents Act constitutes a self-contained code governing all matters relating to licensing and patent rights misuse.
The tribunal noted that the Supreme Court had dismissed the CCI's appeal against the Delhi High Court's ruling in September 2025, reaffirming that the Commission lacks power to conduct investigations in patent-related matters.
Implications for Pharmaceutical Industry
The ruling establishes that Section 3(5) of the Competition Act expressly safeguards patent holders' rights to impose reasonable conditions for intellectual property protection. This creates clear jurisdictional boundaries between competition law and patent law in pharmaceutical disputes.
With the FCM molecule now in the public domain following patent expiration, the tribunal concluded there was no remaining scope for competition law intervention, as the drug became freely available for manufacture by any qualified producer.
The NCLAT declared: "Following the judicial guidance as noted above, we hold that there is no merit in this appeal. Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed."
