Effects of Temperature Control Liner Materials on Long-Term Outcomes of Prothesis Use

Background: The proposed work will generate evidence-based practice guidance for temperature control liner technologies and allow providers to optimize care to Service members and Veterans with limb loss. Sizeable numbers of Service members and Veterans live with limb loss, mostly due to traumatic musculoskeletal injury. Addressing the resulting functional deficit with prostheses increases the risk for secondary conditions such as pressure sores, impaired blood perfusion, and injuries from accidental falls. Any of those occurrences can render the prosthesis temporarily useless, making it challenging for users to engage in many activities of daily life, including work, exercise, and social participation. Many of the described issues originate at the interface between residual limb and prosthetic socket, where the objectives of sufficient weight distribution and suspension are conflicting with the necessity to facilitate heat exchange and limit contact pressure and friction.

Recently, prosthesis liners that contain phase-change material have become commercially available, holding the promise that the micro climate at the interface between the residual limb skin and the prosthetic socket can be regulated to reduce the users' tendency to sweat. Preliminary studies on these liners indicate that the socket temperatures inside the socket stayed lower and rose slower than in conventional liners. However, the clinical relevance of those findings remains unclear. While (perceived) socket comfort is certainly an important criterion in prosthesis fitting, it may be claimed that only tangible functional benefits are of concern.

Objective/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether longer (6+ months) periods of use of phase-change material based temperature control liners have clinically meaningful effects.

It is hypothesized that use of phase-change material infused liners will improve prosthesis utilization (measured in days of prostheses use per time), physical performance (measured by 2-minute walk test), and self-reported prosthesis related quality of life (assessed by questionnaire). The research follows the rationale that lower and steadier skin temperatures should result in reduced sweat, friction, skin damage, and prosthesis abandonment. This would encourage users to wear their prosthesis for longer periods of time and for an expanded array of purposes, thus increasing their ability to ambulate and to engage in a greater variety of activities.

Specific Aims: