Exercise Induced Inter-individual Responses in QT Interval Duration and Dispersion During and Following Intermittent and Continuous Graded Exercise Tests in Young Male Football Players

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an ion channelopathy which occurs in approximately 1 in every 2500 individuals. Symptoms include; syncope, seizures and sudden cardiac death (SCD). LQTS's genetic defects culminate in delayed cardiac repolarization identified on a 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) as a prolonged QT interval. Due to the dynamic nature of channelopathies, some abnormalities could be missed with a resting ECG alone. In young athletes cardiac arrhythmia's predisposing athletes to SCD do not usually occur at peak exercise but during warm-up, recovery or periods of reduced exercise intensity (e.g. rest phases in football games). Environments causing increase in body temperature, heat rate, and autonomic status should therefore be included in the assessment of risk of SCD. Whilst the use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is commonplace, the use of such an exercise test is often performed using a continuous ramp or step procedure (e.g Bruce protocol). However, during games play such as football, movements are not continuous but intermittent characterised by rest phases and lower intensity periods of exercise. The primary aim of this study is to assess the duration and dispersion of the QT interval during and immediately following the performance of a continuous (CONT), and an intermittent (INT) maximal graded exercise test in a group of young (< 16-18 yr) semi-professional soccer players. It is anticipated that the INT graded exercise test will induce greater inter-individual variability in the QT interval compared to the CONT trial.

The investigators aim to recruit approximately 50 players from Sunderland Foundation of Light regional training centre (RTC) with a minimum sample size of 24. We will use a replicated randomised repeated measures crossover design in which the participants will be randomised to different sequences of four experimental conditions; two continuous graded exercise tests, and two intermittent graded exercise tests, randomised using a Latin square counterbalanced design. Participants will be required to perform all four exercise conditions at approximately the same time of day (± 1 h) to control for within-athlete variation. Each exercise condition will be separated by at least 72 h with all testing sessions complete within a 2-4 week period. The following constraints will be placed on the participants to improve the strength of the study design:

• Avoid strenuous physical activity for 48-72 h prior to testing.
• Avoid caffeine consumption for 4 h prior to testing and alcohol at least 12 h.
• Maintain normal hydration by drinking to thirst prior to testing.
• Consume a high carbohydrate meal 2 h prior to testing.

Exercise testing

Exercise will be performed in a temperature controlled physiology laboratory. Participants will perform two graded exercise tests, repeated twice. The continuous graded exercise test (CONT) will increase treadmill speed incrementally using three minute stage duration on a motorised treadmill. The initial speed will be individualised designed to evoke a heart rate around 40-50% of one's age predicted maximal heart rate using 206.9 - (0.67* age [yrs]). This will be gauged from a 3 minute low intensity warm-up at the start. The speed will increase by 1 km.hr-1 every three minutes until volitional exhaustion. The gradient of the treadmill will be set at 1 % to reflect energy expenditure of over-ground running. Gradient will only be increased if the performer reaches the limits of their stride frequency and length and therefore it would be inappropriate to continue to increase speed of the belt. The intermittent graded exercise test (INT) will follow the same procedure. However, the speed within each three minute exercise bout will vary every 30 s between the target speed, and a complete pause for 30 s. The acceleration of the treadmill belt will be set to its maximum capability. Participants will be familiarised with this acceleration to ensure safety.