Is Lidocaine Really Guilty? A Prospective, Randomized, Double Blind Comparison of the Incidence of TNS After Intrathecal Lidocaine Administration vs. Intrathecal Bupivacaine in Patients Undergoing Spinal Anesthesia

Ever since the introduction of Spinal anesthesia in 1898 by the German surgeon August Bier, the approach gained wide acceptance by the anesthesia community 1. Since that time, the technique has evolved to accommodate a wide variety of surgical procedures, making it one of the most common regional anesthesia modalities used. The advancement of the anesthesia field has led to the advancement of the technique it self, specially the drugs used in it.

A wide range of local anesthetics has been introduced after the initial successful intrathecal use of cocaine. Starting with amylocaine, and later with the introduction of various local anesthetics such as procaine, 2-chloroprocaine, lidocaine, tetracaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine, with ropivacaine and levobupivacaine being introduced last. Many of these drugs have fallen out of favour due to various reasons, with Lidocaine, procaine, mepivacaine, ropivacaine and bupivacaine still being used in clinical practice 2.

The choice of the local anesthetic used depends on many factors such as the duration of the operation, the type of surgery and the degree of motor blockade desired. With the advancement of surgery and the increase in day surgical cases, a need for a fast acting, short in duration local anesthetic that allows fast recovery and early discharge has emerged. Of all the local anesthetic drugs available, Lidocaine is one of the drugs that fulfills these needs.

Common complications associated with the use of this technique include headache (5%), backache (11%), hypotension, bradycardia, nausea and vomiting (20%), urinary retention, hypothermia and transient neurological syndrome (TNS). More serious complications include total spinal, infection (meningitis/ encephalitis) and epidural hematoma (<1 in 150,000). On the other hand, complications related to receiving General Anesthesia for the same procedure are similar, with higher chances of nausea and vomiting or airway problems.

TNS is defined as back pain and/or dysesthesia radiating bilaterally to the legs or buttocks after total recovery from spinal anesthesia, manifesting within 24 hours after the surgery and typically lasting less than a week. The etiology of TNS is unknown. Possible contributing factors to the development of TNS include sciatic nerve stretching causing neural ischemia, vasoconstriction of spinal cord arteries, patient positioning, direct needle injury and pooling of local anesthetic in the sacral region. The pathophysiology of TNS is unknown, and there is no specific lab test to diagnose this complication. Treatment of TNS, includes bed rest, administration of nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs and sometimes the addition of an opioid is needed 3.